GPR Data Analysis of Weak Signals Using Modified S-Transform

Abstract

GPR often encounters difficulty in visualizing the buried target when signals are weak and enveloped by noise, despite using the best of existing GPR data analysis tools. In this study, new method has been proposed based on modified S-transform to analyze weak signals of GPR data. The time-frequency analysis has been implemented to capture the change in electromagnetic waves reflected at the boundary of dielectric contrast. A series of experimental tests were conducted at different site conditions and with different materials using GSSI SIR 3000 GPR system with 400 MHz antenna. An improved 2-D vertical subsurface profile has been developed using time-frequency information to locate the target spatially as well as temporally. The new method has provided better results to improve the target visualization in case of noisy signals. However, it did not add any significant where conventional processing could do reasonable. The proposed method is convenient to use and capable of processing large number of scans effectively.

Ground Survey to Aerial Survey:Methods and Best Practices in Systematic Archaeological Explorations and Excavations

“…Area C, which lies immediately to the south of the Lower Town was also considered for probing as it was covered with a sheet of water during flash floods and heavy rains. Area C is also flat and devoid of any prominent above-ground architectural features (Figure 8), and similar to areas A, B and D. GPR investigations brought to light T-shaped parallel walls with a spacing of 7-8 m between them in area A and to the east of the area a set of parallel walls with a north-south alignment along with a spread of rubble, which may be collapsed walls 44,45 . The overall findings from the investigations indicated the presence of shallow and smaller reservoirs to the east of East Reservoir, possibility check dams, and fallen walls forming rubble and scattered debris 44,45 .…”

“…Area C is also flat and devoid of any prominent above-ground architectural features (Figure 8), and similar to areas A, B and D. GPR investigations brought to light T-shaped parallel walls with a spacing of 7-8 m between them in area A and to the east of the area a set of parallel walls with a north-south alignment along with a spread of rubble, which may be collapsed walls 44,45 . The overall findings from the investigations indicated the presence of shallow and smaller reservoirs to the east of East Reservoir, possibility check dams, and fallen walls forming rubble and scattered debris 44,45 . The above discussion clearly indicates the necessity of a thorough study of the entire landscape through surface reconnaissance, involving traditional as well as geospatial techniques, to arrive at a broad-based understanding of landscapes in general and the archaeological site in particular.…”

“…Excavations at the site had revealed monumental architecture and water management systems. The GPR prospecting carried out during three site visits by scientists of IIT-Gandhinagar helped in understanding the vast buried remains in the unexcavated portions of the site 44,45 . A vast and flat area to the east of East Reservoir and to the north-northwest of the Manhar River, was divided into four designated areas (area A (171  135 m), area B (117  132 m), area C (36  72 m), area D (36  18 m)), and GPR probing was carried out (Figure 7).…”

Locating Underground Pipe Using Wideband Chaotic Ground Penetrating Radar

“…There are different designs of GPR including impulse radar [12,13,14], frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar [15,16,17], stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar [18,19,20], and ultra wideband (UWB) signal radar [21,22]. Commercial GPR is mainly based on impulse signals.…”

A High Signal–Noise Ratio UWB Radar for Buried Pipe Location Using Golay Complementary Sequences

“…Once the buried pipes are damaged, the undesirable fluid losses due to leaks can cause enormous environmental and economic repercussions. Ultra-wideband (UWB) ground penetrating radar (GPR) [1][2][3] as one of the non-destructive techniques [4][5][6][7][8] to locate the underground pipes attracts increasing attention because it is capable of accurately locating both metallic and non-metallic pipes without prior knowledge. However, conventional UWB GPR utilizes short pulse as the transmit signals, which leads to a tradeoff between the resolution and the detection distance.…”