GPR-based detection of Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits at a shallow-depth test site

Gerber, Rolf; Salat, Christina; Junge, Andreas; Felix‐Henningsen, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.02.014

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Soils with high clay content can decrease GPR survey quality, and increase EMI survey quality. High clay contents can produce high attenuation losses and can decrease GPR quality (Gerber et al, 2007), and our results are consistent with this observation. The north end of Target Gully contains 7.0% clay to roughly 40 cm depth, the largest in the row, and GPR quality is poor.…”

Section: Geophysics -Gpr and Multi-frequency Emi Surveyssupporting

confidence: 91%

Geophysics and Wine in New Zealand

Imre¹,

Mauk²

2011

Earth and Environmental Sciences

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Section: Geophysics -Gpr and Multi-frequency Emi Surveyssupporting

confidence: 91%

Geophysics and Wine in New Zealand

Imre¹,

Mauk²

2011

Earth and Environmental Sciences

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“…Accepting a typical velocity of 15 cm/ns for dry sandy soil, the estimation of maximum bedrock depth detected is at about 2 m. It can also be seen how the depth of bedrock varies along the profile, especially at the start and in metre 8.5, where rock was visible on the surface. Velocities and results are similar to those obtained by other authors that compared GPR results with boreholes and other different measurements (e.g., Pérez-Gracia et al, 2009;Gerber et al, 2007;Pérez-Gracia, 2001). …”

Section: Shallow Subsoil Cross-section Imagessupporting

confidence: 89%

Forestry applications of ground-penetrating radar

Lorenzo

Pérez-Gracia²,

Novo³

et al. 2010

For. syst.

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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical and close-range remote sensing technique based on the use of radar pulses to obtain cross-section images of underground features. This method is characterized by the transmission of an electromagnetic short length pulse (1-2 ns), presenting a centre frequency ranging from 10 MHz to 2.5 GHz. The principles of GPR operation are based on the ability of low frequency radar waves to penetrate into a non-conductive medium, usually subsoil, but also walls, concrete or wood. Those waves are detected after suffering a reflection in electromagnetic discontinuities of the propagation medium. Therefore, this is a suitable method to study changes in those physical properties, and also to characterize different mediums and the reflective targets providing information about their physical properties. The aim of this work is to describe and demonstrate different applications of GPR in forestry, showing the obtained results together with their interpretation. Firstly, in this paper, it is illustrated how GPR is able to map shallow bedrock, subsoil stratigraphy and also to estimate shallow watertable depth. Secondly, different tree trunks as well as dry timber are analyzed, evaluating the different radar data obtained in each particular case, and observing differences in their electromagnetic properties related to the GPR response. Finally, several measurements were taken in order to analyze the use of GPR to detect tree root systems using polarimetric techniques, being possible to detect medium and big size roots, together with groups of small roots.Key words: GPR, remote sensing, bedrock, watertable, trunk, root system. Resumen Aplicaciones forestales del radar de subsueloEl geo-radar o radar de subsuelo (GPR), es una técnica de teledetección cercana que puede emplearse como herramienta de prospección geofísica y que se fundamenta en la emisión de un pulso electromagnético de muy corta duración (1-20 ns) caracterizado por una frecuencia central que puede variar entre los 10 MHz y los 2,5 GHz, en función de la antena seleccionada. Tras su emisión mediante una antena transmisora, las ondas de radar experimentan reflexiones en las discontinuidades electromagnéticas existentes en el medio por el que se propagan, siendo detectadas por una segunda antena receptora. El análisis de las reflexiones puede utilizarse para caracterizar tanto el medio de propagación como los reflectores, por lo que resulta un método adecuado para el estudio de determinadas propiedades físicas. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es mostrar diferentes aplicaciones del GPR en el ámbito forestal. Para ello se exponen los fundamentos básicos del método y su aplicabilidad como herramienta versátil en el ámbito forestal, así como posibles resultados que se pueden obtener en casos concretos. Como primera aplicación se presentan dos ejemplos que ilustran la capacidad de este método para detectar sustratos rocosos a poca profundidad, para analizar la estratigrafía superficial de un suelo y para localizar el n...

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“…Built mainly by weathering and solifluction processes as well as subsequent loess deposition, the PPSD developed a characteristic structure derived from the lithological premises of the substratum and imprinted by pedogenetic development. They are usually divided into three distinct layers (AG Boden, 2005;Kleber, 1992Kleber, , 1997Gerber et al, 2007).…”

Section: Selection Of Representative Study Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our GPR surveys, the mean frequencies of returning reflections were observed to range from 270 MHz to 327 MHz seemingly depending on the rock and loess content and, thus, influenced by the water content of the substrate. The penetration depth of GPR in PPSD can reach up to 2 m and is depending on clay and water content (Gerber et al, 2007). The approximate vertical resolution of 0.5 k = 14.6 cm (k = wavelength) is given for the mean frequency of the received signals f rec = 308 MHz at a general mean velocity of v mean = 0.09 m ns -1 and determines the ability to collect reflections from single targets (Daniels, 2004).…”

Section: Ground-penetrating-radar Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be used to detect the bedrock-soil interface (Mellet, 1995), to delineate the thawed and frozen layers in periglacial conditions (Hinkel et al, 2001;Moorman et al, 2003), to map soil variability (Collins and Doolittle, 1987;Schellentrager et al, 1988;Rebertus et al, 1989;Inman et al, 2002;Freeland et al, 2002) and many other applications in geosciences (Daniels, 2004). Only a few works discuss the application of GPR to map PPSD in Germany (Schotte and Felix-Henningsen, 1999;Völkel et al, 2001;Leopold and Völkel, 2003;Sauer and Felix-Henningsen, 2004;Gerber et al, 2007). The quality of the scans in such soils is limited due to the moderately unfavorable conditions for GPR in soils with a clay content of 18% to 35% (Doolittle et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applicability of ground‐penetrating radar as a tool for nondestructive soil‐depth mapping on Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits

Gerber

Felix‐Henningsen

Behrens

et al. 2010

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

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Soil depth plays a decisive role in determining soil properties in mountainous regions for ecological site assessment. To evaluate the use of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for fast and highresolution mapping within mountainous regions, we examined the possibilities and limitations of GPR to determine soil depth over bedrock and to delineate individual substrate layers formed during the Pleistocene in a periglacial environment (Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits, PPSD). Selected catenae in representative subregions of the study area (Dill catchment, SE Rhenish Massif, Germany) have been successfully mapped using GPR. A practicable method was developed using a 400 MHz antenna to reach a mean penetration depth of 1.5 m and to map different substrates and layers of PPSD based on calibrations of the GPR at soil pits along 12 catenae. Colluvium, the three types of PPSD layers, as well as the in situ bedrock could be distinguished in most sections of the GPR surveys. Characteristic GPR facies caused by intrinsic material properties of the different substrates, such as stone content and soil moisture content, could be distinguished in different geomorphologic and lithological settings. A layer-based velocity distribution was determined for characteristic substrate layers at soil pits enabling us to considerably enhance the accuracy of soil-depth prediction. Compared to traditionally surveyed soil profiles, our results demonstrate an accuracy of layer thickness surveying within a standard deviation of approx. 0.1 m. It is demonstrated that the combination of GPR with conventional soil-pit mapping is an efficient and valid method to produce high-resolution data of substrate distribution.

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GPR-based detection of Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits at a shallow-depth test site

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Geophysics and Wine in New Zealand

Geophysics and Wine in New Zealand

Forestry applications of ground-penetrating radar

Applicability of ground‐penetrating radar as a tool for nondestructive soil‐depth mapping on Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits

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