Maturation of megakaryocytes and subsequent platelet release are normally regulated by a network of cytokines, including thrombopoietin and various interleukins. Because abnormal platelet production and activation have been implicated in gestational pathologies, additional pregnancy-specific cytokines may play important roles in the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, we have found that the hormone prolactin-like protein E, a placental hormone that we have recently characterized, targets megakaryocytes through a specific cell surface receptor and induces megakaryocyte differentiation through a gp130-dependent signal transduction pathway.Coordinated physiological changes during pregnancy are critical for mammalian reproduction. Many pregnancy-associated diseases such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and diabetes are the consequences of aberrant modulation of maternal physiology. Higher rates of platelet activation in plasma have been clinically linked to pre-eclampsia, and antiplatelet treatment has been widely used to treat patients with this disorder (1-3). The development of megakaryocytes (MK), 1 release of platelets into the circulation, and activation of platelets are tightly regulated processes (4), and in rodents megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet levels are elevated throughout gestation (5, 6). Although the platelet count has been found to decrease slightly in human pregnancy in some studies (7), the actual rates of platelet production apparently increase to compensate for the dramatic increase in blood volume during pregnancy (8).An accelerated production of platelets in gestation presumably depends on higher levels of thrombopoietic factors present in the maternal plasma. Many cytokines, including thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, and kit ligand, have been demonstrated to enhance MK maturation to different extents under normal physiological conditions (4, 9). It is unclear, however, what factors are responsible for the pregnancy-associated thrombopoietic activity. In mammalian pregnancy, the placenta functions as a transient endocrine organ that secretes a number of factors and modulates numerous physiological processes to accommodate the needs of the developing fetus.Among the factors synthesized by the placenta are numerous proteins in the prolactin (PRL)/growth hormone family (10, 11). These proteins target distinct maternal tissues and exert various biological effects, such as the remodeling of the vascular network in the mouse by proliferin and proliferin-related protein (12), the regulation of steroid hormone production and metabolism by the placental lactogens (11), and the control of immune response by PRL-like protein A (13). As members of the cytokine superfamily, these placental hormones may act on a variety of hematopoietic cell types. We have therefore begun to search for the targets and physiological effects of these proteins with the expectation that some of these hormones will be found to be res...