“…Secondly, the nature of knowledge transfer channels, the knowledge transferred, the breadth or depth of UILs, including incentives and barriers to UILs (Wang et al, 2015;Ramos-Vielba and Fernadez-Esquinas, 2012). Thirdly, science and technology policies (Seppo et al, 2014). Fourthly, studies concerned with spin-offs (Teixeira and Mota, 2012, p. 723).…”