Governmental Regulations

Material Flow Analysis and Occupational Exposure Assessment in Additive Manufacturing End-of-Life Material Management

“…The incinerated mass of EoL materials contributed by AM practices may produce up to 680,000 kg of fly ash and 3.9 million kg of bottom ash annually. These ashes may contain heavy metals and other inorganic materials, which can be sent to landfill or released into the environment. , Depending on the pollution control technology, fly ash emissions may range from 3400 to 34,000 kg/yr, potentially containing dioxins, furans, acid gases, lead, mercury, and VOCs. ,, The mode of exposure for dermal and inhalation is most likely during incinerator maintenance, cleaning, and ash removal. Dermal exposure (EXP dermal,incineration ) can reach up to 5000 mg/day/operator when handling areas with high concentrations of incinerator ash. , Without PPE, inhalation exposure (EXP inhalation,incineration ) may reach up to 150 mg ash/day/operator.…”

“…These ashes may contain heavy metals and other inorganic materials, which can be sent to landfill or released into the environment. 68,69 Depending on the pollution control technology, fly ash emissions may range from 3400 to 34,000 kg/yr, potentially containing dioxins, furans, acid gases, lead, mercury, and VOCs. 35,36,70 The mode of exposure for dermal and inhalation is most likely during incinerator maintenance, cleaning, and ash removal.…”