Governing Forest Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Environmental Governance: A Review

Adhikari, Shankar; Baral, Himlal

doi:10.3390/environments5050053

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The study is primarily based on a literature search in various web-based databases [19], including Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus. The methodological approach is illustrated in Figure 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought Impact and Adaptation Strategies in the Mid-Hill Farming System of Western Nepal

Adhikari¹

2018

Environments

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Climate-induced drought hazard has been emerging as one of the major challenges in the mid-hill farming system and rural livelihood in Nepal. Drought stress, in combination with century-long socio-political issues such as unequal social structure, gender discrimination, and marginalization of poor and disadvantaged groups have made smallholders more vulnerable in society. Climate changes are exacerbating issues within an already vulnerable society. Therefore, a review study on the impact of drought on the rain-fed hill farming system, and the potential adaptation measures, was carried out in the mid-hill region of western Nepal. Both agricultural impacts such as depletion of traditional varieties of crops, crop-specific diseases, low production, lack of water for irrigation; and non-agricultural impacts such as changing rural livelihood patterns, and social conflict due to agriculture and water issues were identified as major impacts. Some of the agricultural adaptation measures viz. the promotion of climate smart agriculture practices, crop diversification, and agroforestry practices seem to have been more effective in the region. At the same time, small-scale structural water harvesting measures, for instance, rainwater harvesting, conservation ponds, and irrigation channels, drip water irrigation, and an early warning system for drought events could also be an advantage in this context. Nonetheless, there are several adaptation barriers including ecological and physical constraints, human and information resource-shortages, and social barriers to adaptation. Therefore, local site-specific adaptation measures should be developed, and implemented, to increase the adaptive capacity of smallholders, and enhance the farming system in the face of the climate-induced drought scenario.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought Impact and Adaptation Strategies in the Mid-Hill Farming System of Western Nepal

Adhikari¹

2018

Environments

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“…Agroforestry is a viable land-use option that, in addition to the socio-economic benefits, offers several ecosystem services in the face of different environmental and social challenges [37,72]. Agroforestry promotes multiple ecosystem services like improvement in soil quality, water conservation by slowing down surface runoff, reducing sediment transportation, soil biodiversity, enhances carbon sequestration, and increases diverse food and cover for wildlife habitat [73,74].…”

Section: Ecosystem Services From Agroforestry Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential and Opportunities of Agroforestry Practices in Combating Land Degradation

Tomar¹,

Ahmed²,

Bhat³

et al. 2021

Agroforestry - Small Landholder’s Tool for Climate Change Resiliency and Mitigation

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Agroforestry an established practice for centuries is the deliberate combination of perennials with food crops and/or livestock either simultaneously or sequentially. Agroforestry systems are bio-diverse and are associated in numerous ways for combating desertification and mitigating climate change. Agroforestry practice is a possible way of reducing deforestation and forest degradation and can alleviate resource-use pressure on natural conservation areas. Among many other reasons responsible for climate change, our traditional approaches towards forest management have failed thereby giving way to a drastic climate change, which slowly but has indeed harbingered the cataclysmic future that awaits us if we do not act now. This paper thus acquaints the readers with the role of agroforestry in mitigating the soil erosion, rehabilitation of degraded lands, improving water conservation and replenishment of soil fertility. Besides, the role of agroforestry in improving the soil health and overall ecosystem has also been discussed. This paper furthermore, attempts to recognize the role that agroforestry can play in mitigating the repercussions of climate change apart from improving natural resource sustainability and future food security issues.

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“…Garis pantai Indonesia merupakan rumah bagi berbagai ekosistem pesisir tropis terkaya di dunia (Alongi et al 2016) termasuk ekosistem hutan mangrove dan hutan pantai. Kedua jenis ekosistem tersebut memiliki peran yang besar untuk perlindungan areal daratan dari abrasi dan bencana tsunami, konservasi biodiversitas dan fungsi ekologis lainnya (Andhikari & Baral 2018). Selain itu, ekosistem pesisir sangat potensial untuk peningkatan serapan karbon terkait upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim global yang dikenal sebagai blue carbon, yaitu kawasan yang mampu menyimpan karbon di dalam biomasa dan sedimennya dalam jumlah besar (Ati et al 2014).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Pendugaan Simpanan Karbon pada Kawasan Rehabilitasi Pesisir Selatan Pulau Jawa

Budiadi

2020

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan

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Konservasi karbon merupakan salah satu tindakan penting dalam rehabilitasi pesisir, khususnya pesisir selatan Pulau Jawa dengan keunikan ombak yang besar, salinitas tinggi dan sedimen beragam. Penelitian dilaksanakan untuk menduga simpanan karbon dalam berbagai bagian pada areal pesisir tersebut, yang terdiri dari tapak tergenang (tegakan mangrove 14 tahun jenis Avicennia/AV, Rhizophora/RH dan campuran/MX, lahan sedimen/SD, rumput/GR) dan tapak kering berpasir tegakan Casuarina equisetifolia/CS umur 18 tahun. Tiga sampai sembilan petak ukur dibuat untuk pengamatan dan pengukuran vegetasi, serta pengambilan sampel tanah (kedalaman 0-20, 20-40 dan 40-60 cm), dan pengukuran tegakan. Biomasa pohon diestimasi dengan mengkonvesri diameter batang (DBH) menggunakan persamaan alometrik. Biomasa pohon dirubah menjadi karbon tersimpan menggunakan berat jenis kayu yaitu 0,464 untuk above-ground (AGC), dan 0,39 untuk below-ground (BGC), serta untuk menduga biomasa karbon total (TBC). Karbon organik tanah (COT) dianalisis secara terpisah, dan digabungkan dengan karbon biomasa untuk memperkirakan simpanan karbon dalam ekosistem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi yang tinggi dari pertumbuhan dan kerapatan pohon, khususnya pada tegakan mangrove, dengan kemampuan regenerasi yang rendah. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang nyata dari simpanan karbon pada biomasa antara tegakan mangrove dengan Casuarina. Rerata TBC pada mangrove adalah 46,08 Mg C/ha, sedikit lebih rendah daripada CS (51,50 Mg C/ha). Di bawah tanah (hingga kedalaman 60 cm), tapak tergenang (AV, RH, MX, SD dan GR) secara nyata menyimpan COT lebih besar daripada tapak kering (CS). Kedalaman tanah secara nyata mempengaruhi COT, namun pada tapak tergenang semakin dalam tanah maka COT semakin besar, sedangkan tren sebaliknya pada tapak kering. Perkiraan total karbon tersimpan adalah 248.52 (±87.21) Mg C/ha, dengan terendah pada CS (94.46 Mg C/ha) dan tertinggi pada MX (324.77 Mg C/ha). Rehabilitasi pesisir berpeluang meningkatkan simpanan karbon ekosistem karena adanya adanya biomasa pohon, dibandingkan tapak terbuka yakni SD dan GR. Pada tapak tergenang/tegakan mangrove sebagian besar simpanan karbon berupa COT, dan lebih sedikit ditemukan pada CS. Perbedaan karakteristik simpanan karbon ini memerlukan penanganan atau konservasi yang berbeda, tetapi sama-sama membutuhkan rehabilitasi dan regenerasi buatan yang intensif. Carbon Stock Estimation in the South Coastal Rehabilitation Area of Java IslandAbstractCarbon conservation is one of important actions for coastal rehabilitation, in particular in the south coast of Java Island with its unique characteristics of strong tide, high salinity and diverse substrates. The research aimed to estimate carbon stocks from various carbon pools in the coast rehabilitation area, including wetland sites (14-year-old mangroves of Avicennia/AV, Rhizophora/RH and mix mangrove/MX, mudflat-sediment/SD, grassland/GR) and dry-sandy site of 18-year-old Casuarina equisetifolia/CS. Three to nine plots were established for observing and measuring vegetation, as well as taking soil sample at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm depths. Tree biomass were estimated by converting treestem diameter using allometric equation. The tree biomass were converted into tree carbon using carbon density of 0.464 for aboveground (AGC), and 0.39 for below-ground (BGC), and to estimate total biomass carbon (TBC). Soil organic carbon (SOC) was analyzed separately, and combined with biomass carbon to estimate total carbon stock in the ecosystems. High variation of tree growth and density were found, especially in mangrove stands, with a low level of natural regeneration. No significant difference of carbon stock in biomass between mangroves and Casuarina was observed. Average TBC in mangroves (46.08 Mg C/ha) was slightly lower than in CS (51.50 Mg C/ha). In below ground (up to 60 cm depth), wetland sites (AV, RH, MX, SD and GR) significantly stored more SOC than dry land (CS). Soil depth significantly affected SOC, but in wetland sites deeper soil contained more carbon than upper, while an opposite trend was observed in CS. Estimated total carbon stock in the coast was 248.52 (±87.21) Mg C/ha, with the lowest in CS (94.46 Mg C/ha) and highest in MX (324.77 Mg C/ha). Rehabilitation activities in the coast possibly improve carbon stock in the ecosystems due to tree biomass, compared to open sites of SD and GR. In the wetland or mangroves, most of carbon was observed as SOC, and less in the dry-land site. The different characteristics of carbon storage in the south coast need different conservation techniques, but both sites need intensive rehabilitation work and artificial regeneration.

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Governing Forest Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Environmental Governance: A Review

Cited by 20 publications

References 76 publications

Drought Impact and Adaptation Strategies in the Mid-Hill Farming System of Western Nepal

Drought Impact and Adaptation Strategies in the Mid-Hill Farming System of Western Nepal

Potential and Opportunities of Agroforestry Practices in Combating Land Degradation

Pendugaan Simpanan Karbon pada Kawasan Rehabilitasi Pesisir Selatan Pulau Jawa

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