“…Remote sensing, recognized for its non-contact, wideranging, and high-frequency observation capacities, has been proposed as a viable technique to scrutinize the water environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region [11]. The attributes of remote sensing, including high spatial-temporal resolution, extensive area coverage, and real-time observation [12][13][14], render it advantageous, especially when traditional field monitoring methods often encounter constraints such as time, geographical limitations, and financial costs [15]. In water environment assessments, the application of remote sensing has been widely acknowledged for its ability to effectively discern spectral attributes, spatial distributions, and temporal modifications of water bodies [16,17].…”