Gout Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pearls and Pitfalls

Gout Management Using Nanocarrier Systems: A Review

“…Uricosuric drugs should be used with caution in patients associated with rapid serum urate excretion or those with nephrolithiasis, as there is a risk of renal stones precipitation and exacerbating the inflammation and should be taken with plenty of water. 144,157 Probenecid. Probenecid is a URAT-1 and competitive organic anion transporters (OATs) inhibitor.…”

“…Allopurinol was first introduced in the 1960s. It is converted to its active metabolite oxypurinol (80%), allopurinol 1’riboside (10%), through metabolism, and the remaining 10% is not metabolized but excreted through renal . Oxypurinol can reversibly block the xanthine oxidase enzyme that is responsible for transforming hypoxanthine to uric acid, resulting in the reduction of uric acid secretion .…”

“…It is converted to its active metabolite oxypurinol (80%), allopurinol 1'riboside (10%), through metabolism, and the remaining 10% is not metabolized but excreted through renal. 144 Oxypurinol can reversibly block the xanthine oxidase enzyme that is responsible for transforming hypoxanthine to uric acid, resulting in the reduction of uric acid secretion. 117 Owing to oxypurinol being excreted primarily by the kidneys, patients with kidney failure will decelerate the rate of elimination and may extend their half-life up to 1 week leading to "renal toxicity".…”

“…Uricosuric agents inhibit urate anion transporters including urate transporter 1 (URAT1), subsequently retard the reuptake of uric acid in the proximal tubule, and enhance the urate excretion. Uricosuric drugs should be used with caution in patients associated with rapid serum urate excretion or those with nephrolithiasis, as there is a risk of renal stones precipitation and exacerbating the inflammation and should be taken with plenty of water. , …”