Gothic green glazed tile from Malbork Castle: multi-analytical study

Pawełkowicz, Sylwia Svorová; Rohanová, Dana; Svora, Petr

doi:10.1186/s40494-017-0141-6

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Nevertheless, there are no lead pigments or cinnabar/vermillion; at least, they are not conserved. In several samples of darkened colour, tenorite was identified (Figure 10) [11,12,14]. Black tenorite (CuO) is generally a degradation product of azurite (2CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2 ); however, malachite (CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2 ) can also change to tenorite, but normally this occurs after its degradation to paratacamite [3,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of the blackened pigments by Raman and FTIR are not always conclusive, since not all of them offer vibrational information. Nevertheless, on several samples (ORM 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10; Figures 3b and 6a,b), tenorite was identified by its characteristic Raman vibrations at 300 and 600 cm −1 [11,12,14] (Figure 10).…”

Section: Pigments and Their Chemical Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why Are the Early Gothic Murals in St. Jacob’s Church in Ormož, Slovenia, Almost Entirely Black?

Kriznar,

Kavkler,

Dolenec

2024

Spectroscopy Journal

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In St. Jacob’s parish church in Ormož, Slovenia, mural paintings from around 1350–1370 are partially conserved in the northeastern corner of the main nave. They are almost completely black, indicating a large-scale pigment degradation. They were studied as a part of a larger research project aiming to identify materials applied and their possible degradation. First, they were studied in situ, and next, extracted samples of plaster, pigments, and colour layers were analysed by optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and XRD. Haematite, green earth, malachite, azurite, and tenorite were identified, showing that azurite and perhaps also malachite degraded to black tenorite, probably due to their fine grinding and their application directly on the fresh plaster. The plaster is made with small and large amounts of aggregate with mostly quartz with some impurities, which makes it fragile. The original appearance of these murals was of bright blue and green colours.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pigments and Their Chemical Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Are the Early Gothic Murals in St. Jacob’s Church in Ormož, Slovenia, Almost Entirely Black?

Kriznar,

Kavkler,

Dolenec

2024

Spectroscopy Journal

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“…The Raman spectroscopy was utilized to analyze various heritage materials [123][124][125][126], though it was particularly useful in the analysis of pigments [127][128][129][130] due to the easy access to the low wavenumber region (< 500 cm −1 ). Extensive databases of Raman spectra have been developed for identification of pigment phases: for example, a very useful on-line resource is the collection of spectra available at the UCL Department of Chemistry website (www.chem.ucl.ac.uk/resou rces/raman / index .html).…”

Section: Commonly Used Spectroscopic Techniques Infrared and Raman Spmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

et al. 2019

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Both conservation and intervention methods must be compatible with each other and appropriate for the original building materials. Therefore, the characterization of historic building materials is indispensable for investigating chemical composition, micro-structure and morphological features to study the current condition, environmental influence and change mechanism due to natural aging or man-made decay processes. Given the great variety of chemicals which can be analyzed, complex problems related to architectural heritage materials are investigated via optimized methodologies. Among the existing techniques, optical microscopy (OM) is an inexpensive and dominating tool to obtain preliminary information on complex samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide real three-dimensional topographies showing sample surface properties. Electron microscopes combined with energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EM-EDX) are the instruments specifically developed to acquire images of target materials at high magnification. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies are frequently used to characterize inorganic and organic compounds. Thermal analysis can rapidly and accurately measure changes in crystalline structure, dehydration and decomposition. X-ray based technologies have a wide range of applications as follows. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is one of the most frequently used techniques for elemental analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a fast and inexpensive technique for the characterization of man-made and natural materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is applied to quantify the valence and electronic levels of specific elements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for detecting the electronic structure of matter. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is also of great importance in architectural heritage, which can reveal different physicochemical mechanisms causing color. Laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can effectively eliminate the pollution on the surface and detect the internal elements of the target material. Ion beam analysis can quantify trace elements with high sensitivity. Mass-based techniques are mainly applied to identify unknown organic substances at the molecular level. This review describes some classical applications of individual techniques and provides scientific support for scientists and engineers to make decisions in the context of architectural heritage.

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“…Glazed tiles, which are key roof components of ancient buildings, present distinct characteristics of the period in which they were laid. They vividly and intuitively reflect the cultural and technical prowess of bygone times and play an important role in studying ancient architecture [1,2]. Glazed tiles are nonrenewable, and any man-made or natural damage is irreparable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Lightning Strike Tests and Coupled Electrical–Thermal Analysis on Roofing Glazed Tiles of Ancient Buildings

Fang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Lightning strike is one of the natural disasters to the roof components of ancient buildings. To investigate the causes and damage effects of lightning strikes on the roofing glazed tiles of ancient buildings, artificial lightning strike tests were carried out on glazed tiles. Based on the experiment results, a coupled electrical–thermal finite element model of mortar-containing glazed tiles was established and the Joule heat effect of lightning current was further investigated. The results show that when the lightning channel is attached to the surface of the enamel and body with a low electrical conductivity, the lightning current is mainly released in the form of surface flashover, and a minor damage is induced along the flashover path; when the lightning channel is attached to the mortar with a high electrical conductivity, the lightning current is injected into the mortar, resulting in significant tile damage. The spatial distributions of the temperature present clear gradient characteristics. The high-temperature area appears in the mortar while the high–thermal–stress area appears in the body connected to the grounding rail. As the peak of the lightning current increases, both the high-temperature and high–thermal–stress areas of the glazed tiles expand. The combination of the experiments and the numerical analysis results demonstrate that the damage mechanism of lightning Joule heat effect to glazed tiles may include two aspects. One is the internal explosive force generated from the sharp vaporization and expansion of the moisture inside the tiles due to rapid temperature increase, and the other is the thermal stress caused by the uneven temperature distribution.

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Gothic green glazed tile from Malbork Castle: multi-analytical study

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Why Are the Early Gothic Murals in St. Jacob’s Church in Ormož, Slovenia, Almost Entirely Black?

Why Are the Early Gothic Murals in St. Jacob’s Church in Ormož, Slovenia, Almost Entirely Black?

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

Artificial Lightning Strike Tests and Coupled Electrical–Thermal Analysis on Roofing Glazed Tiles of Ancient Buildings

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