Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products

Abstract

Gossypol is a phenolic compound produced by pigment glands in cotton stems, leaves, seeds, and flower buds (Gossypium spp.). Cottonseed meal is a by-product of cotton that is used for animal feeding because it is rich in oil and proteins. However, gossypol toxicity limits cottonseed use in animal feed. High concentrations of free gossypol may be responsible for acute clinical signs of gossypol poisoning which include respiratory distress, impaired body weight gain, anorexia, weakness, apathy, and death after several days. However, the most common toxic effects is the impairment of male and female reproduction. Another important toxic effect of gossypol is its interference with immune function, reducing an animal's resistance to infections and impairing the efficiency of vaccines. Preventive procedures to limit gossypol toxicity involve treatment of the cottonseed product to reduce the concentration of free gossypol with the most common treatment being exposure to heat. However, free gossypol can be released from the bound form during digestion. Agronomic selection has produced cotton varieties devoid of glands producing gossypol, but these varieties are not normally grown because they are less productive and are more vulnerable to attacks by insects.

Development of environmentally friendly composite matrices from epoxidized cottonseed oil

“…Cottonseed oil can be considered as a co-product or by-product of the cotton industry and it finds some uses as edible oils [15] although there is some controversy on the potential health effects due to presence of some components such as gossypol [16,17] and less strict control than all other plants whose main product is vegetable oil; cottonseed oil is also used for soap making, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals as well as a raw material in the manufacture of plastics, fungicides, paper, textiles, fuel, etc. [18,19] Epoxidation is another way of using this oil since the global production was 5 million tons in 2011 [20] and its potential in the composites' industry is really promising.…”

Pengendalian Folikulogenesis Ovarium dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Biji Kapas

“…Gosipol yang diinjeksikan secara intrauteri mampu memengaruhi jumlah ovum yang terfertilisasi, implantasi embrio, perkembangan embrio, dan jumlah anak (Lin et al, 1994a). Efek tersebut bersifat reversible apabila pemberian gosipol dihentikan (Gadelha et al, 2014a).…”

“…Penelitian pada sapi dilaporkan bahwa gosipol yang dicampur dalam pakan mengakibatkan folikel besar (>5 mm) pada ovarium relatif sedikit dibandingkan dengan yang diberi makan kedelai (Gadelha et al, 2014a). Walaupun sudah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak biji kapas pada hewan coba, tetapi belum ditemukan laporan tentang pengaruh pemberian ekstrak biji kapas terhadap gambaran folikulogenesis.…”

“…Gosipol menyebabkan pemanjangan siklus estrus dengan meningkatkan durasi fase metestrus dan diestrus (Gadelha et al, 2014a). Gambaran perbedaan siklus estrus pengamatan 24 hari dapat dilihat pada Gambar 4.…”

“…hari menunjukkan bahwa secara normal mencit mengalami 6 kali estrus sedangkan mencit yang diberikan perlakuan dosis ekstrak biji kapas 1,5 g/kg BB mengalami 5 kali estrus dan mencit yang diberikan perlakuan dosis ekstrak biji kapas 2,1 dan 2,7 g/kg BB mengalami 4 kali estrus. Gosipol menyebabkan pemanjangan siklus estrus dengan meningkatkan durasi fase metestrus dan diestrus (Gadelha et al, 2014a) sehingga durasi siklus estrus melebihi 5 hari.…”