Goose Parvovirus—An Autonomous Member of the Dependovirus Genus?

Brown, Kevin E.; Green, Spencer W.; Young, Neal S.

doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1345

Cited by 70 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Hence, our study was restricted to autonomous parvoviruses. Despite their ability to replicate autonomously, goose and Muscovy duck parvoviruses were excluded from the study, as they are genetically related to dependoviruses (24,25). With a few exceptions, parvoviruses are known to cause acute infections.…”

Section: Parvovirus Genomes Analyzedmentioning

confidence: 99%

CpG Dinucleotide Frequencies Reveal the Role of Host Methylation Capabilities in Parvovirus Evolution

Upadhyay

Samal

Kandpal

et al. 2013

J Virol

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Parvoviruses are rapidly evolving viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including vertebrates and invertebrates. Extensive methylation of the parvovirus genome has been recently demonstrated. A global pattern of methylation of CpG dinucleotides is seen in vertebrate genomes, compared to "fractional" methylation patterns in invertebrate genomes. It remains unknown if the loss of CpG dinucleotides occurs in all viruses of a given DNA virus family that infect host species spanning across vertebrates and invertebrates. We investigated the link between the extent of CpG dinucleotide depletion among autonomous parvoviruses and the evolutionary lineage of the infected host. We demonstrate major differences in the relative abundance of CpG dinucleotides among autonomous parvoviruses which share similar genome organization and common ancestry, depending on the infected host species. Parvoviruses infecting vertebrate hosts had significantly lower relative abundance of CpG dinucleotides than parvoviruses infecting invertebrate hosts. The strong correlation of CpG dinucleotide depletion with the gain in TpG/CpA dinucleotides and the loss of TpA dinucleotides among parvoviruses suggests a major role for CpG methylation in the evolution of parvoviruses. Our data present evidence that links the relative abundance of CpG dinucleotides in parvoviruses to the methylation capabilities of the infected host. In sum, our findings support a novel perspective of host-driven evolution among autonomous parvoviruses.T he relative abundance of dinucleotides, particularly the CpG dinucleotide, has received much attention recently. The CpG dinucleotide content is normally expressed as a ratio of the actual (observed) number of CpG dinucleotides and the expected number of CpG dinucleotides (O/E ratio). The relative abundance of CpG dinucleotides varies greatly across viruses (1, 2). Depletion of CpG dinucleotides has been reported to occur in all small DNA viruses (Ͻ30 kb) infecting humans (2), while most large DNA viruses (Ͼ30 kb) infecting humans show little or no CpG dinucleotide depletion. Several possible reasons have been suggested to play a role in the depletion of CpG dinucleotides, including (i) lower transcription rate for CpG-containing codons (3), (ii) stimulation of Toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate immune response by unmethylated CpGs (4), and (iii) spontaneous deamination of methylated cytosines in CpG dinucleotides (5). Deamination of unmethylated cytosines results in C-to-U transitions which are amenable to mismatch repair mechanisms, whereas the deamination of 5-methylcytosine leads to C-to-T transitions that are often irreversible, resulting in high mutation rates in methylated CpGs and a depletion of CpG dinucleotides (6, 7).In most vertebrate genomes, the O/E ratio for CpG dinucleotides is Ͻ0.35, suggesting that vertebrate genomes have lost about two-thirds of CpG dinucleotides (5, 8). In contrast, invertebrate genomes show minor or no depletion of CpG dinucleotides (5). Early investigations on insects showed that...

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Section: Parvovirus Genomes Analyzedmentioning

confidence: 99%

CpG Dinucleotide Frequencies Reveal the Role of Host Methylation Capabilities in Parvovirus Evolution

Upadhyay

Samal

Kandpal

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…GPV is a member of the Dependovirus genus of the Parvoviridae family (Brown et al, 1995). It has a nonenveloped, icosahedral, 20 to 22 nm virion, which contains either the positive or the negative strand of the singlestranded DNA genome (Zádori et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propagation of viruses infecting waterfowl on continuous cell lines of Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) origin

et al. 2014

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“…2B) (48,68). Despite this high degree of similarity, GPV Rep1 is capable of mediating helper-independent replication within its host organism, in contrast to AAV Rep78 (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino-Terminal Domain Exchange Redirects Origin-Specific Interactions of Adeno-Associated Virus Rep78 In Vitro

Yoon

Smith

Ward

et al. 2001

J Virol

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The unique ability of adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) to site-specifically integrate its genome into a defined sequence on human chromosome 19 (AAVS1) makes it of particular interest for use in targeted gene delivery. The objective underlying this study is to provide evidence for the feasibility of retargeting site-specific integration into selected loci within the human genome. Current models postulate that AAV DNA integration is initiated through the interactions of the products of a single viral open reading frame, REP, with sequences present in AAVS1 that resemble the minimal origin for AAV DNA replication. Here, we present a cell-free system designed to dissect the Rep functions required to target site-specific integration using functional chimeric Rep proteins derived from AAV Rep78 and Rep1 of the closely related goose parvovirus. We show that amino-terminal domain exchange efficiently redirects the specificity of Rep to the minimal origin of DNA replication. Furthermore, we establish that the amino-terminal 208 amino acids of Rep78/68 constitute a catalytic domain of Rep sufficient to mediate site-specific endonuclease activity.Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) has drawn much attention as a potential vector for human gene therapy. Advantages include its apparent lack of pathogenicity, its capacity to infect many cell types, and, notably, the ability of the wild-type (wt) virus to site-specifically integrate into a region on chromosome 19 known as AAVS1 (19q13.4) (14, 26-28, 35-37, 47). Integration, and thus the establishment of latency, is thought to occur preferentially over productive replication in the absence of coinfection of the host cell by a helper virus (3,4,8,18).The AAV genome is linear, single stranded, and flanked on either side by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) (45, 53). Palindromic sequences within the ITRs allow for the formation of hairpin secondary structures, which contain the viral origins of replication (5,15,17,34,38,53). The minimal AAV DNA replication origin (AAVori) is organized into three segments: the Rep binding site (RBS), the terminal resolution site (TRS), and a spacer region separating the RBS from the TRS (Fig. 1A and 2B). The RBS coordinates the sequence-dependent recruitment of Rep to the origin (11), where it can then deliver a strand-specific nick at the TRS (23, 24). The spacer region has been implicated in favorably positioning the TRS so that it is efficiently nicked by the Rep protein (6). Interestingly, within AAVS1 is a region homologous to the minimal AAV origin in that it also contains a TRS and an RBS. Rep interaction with the minimal origin sequence in AAVS1 (57, 62) is required for site-specific integration (36, 63), thereby suggesting that Repmediated DNA replication may be linked to site-specific integration (Fig. 1B).Mechanistically, the initial steps of both AAV DNA replication and AAV site-specific integration are thought to be similar (25,36). In this model, Rep78/68 initiates replication at the viral origin by nicking the TRS in a site-and s...

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Goose Parvovirus—An Autonomous Member of the Dependovirus Genus?

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

CpG Dinucleotide Frequencies Reveal the Role of Host Methylation Capabilities in Parvovirus Evolution

CpG Dinucleotide Frequencies Reveal the Role of Host Methylation Capabilities in Parvovirus Evolution

Propagation of viruses infecting waterfowl on continuous cell lines of Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) origin

Amino-Terminal Domain Exchange Redirects Origin-Specific Interactions of Adeno-Associated Virus Rep78 In Vitro

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