Good vibrations: Bilateral tactile stim1ulation decreases startle magnitude during negative imagination and increases skin conductance response for positive imagination in an affective startle reflex paradigm

Reichel, Valeska Arabella; Sammer, Gebhard; Gruppe, Harald; Hanewald, Bernd; Garder, Roman; Bloß, Christina; Stingl, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100197

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In PTSD patients, for example, a stimulation-induced decrease in skin conductance and heart rate was observed (Elofsson et al, 2008). Investigations in healthy individuals also found a valencedependent reduction in startle reflex potentiation (indicating a reduced distress) during imagination of negative scripts and an increase in SCR (indicating an attention increase) during imagination of positive scripts (Reichel et al, 2021). However, there have not been many reviews specifically addressing the differential effects of stimulation on the two groups, In the only meta-analysis found for this topic, no significant differences between clinical populations and healthy individuals were found (Lee and Cuijpers, 2013).…”

Section: Group Differences In Responding To Bilateral Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Apples and oranges: PTSD patients and healthy individuals are not comparable in their subjective and physiological responding to emotion induction and bilateral stimulation

Pape,

Sammer,

Hanewald

et al. 2024

Front. Psychol.

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ObjectivesBilateral stimulation is a core element of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy, a psychotherapeutic intervention for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Promising previous findings showed measurable physiological effects of bilateral stimulation in healthy individuals, but studies that replicated these findings in PTSD patients are sparse.Methods23 patients with PTSD and 30 healthy controls were confronted with affective standard scripts (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant) while bilateral tactile stimulation was applied. Monolateral and no stimulation served as control conditions. Noise-induced startle reflex response (valence measure) and galvanic skin response (arousal measure) were used for physiological responses and the valence and arousal scale of the Self-Assessment-Manikin for subjective responses.ResultsBoth groups showed a subjective distress reduction for unpleasant scripts and a subjective attention increase for positive scripts under bilateral stimulation. In healthy individuals, this was also for physiological measures, and a general startle-reducing effect of bilateral stimulation in the absence of affective stimuli was found. In PTSD patients, however, the effects were restricted on the subjective level, and no concomitant physiological effects were observed.Conclusions and significanceThe findings indicate, that generalizing the effects of BLS in healthy individuals to PTSD patients may be problematic. The herein-reported group differences can be explained by PTSD-specific peculiarities in emotion processing and cognitive processing style.

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Section: Group Differences In Responding To Bilateral Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Apples and oranges: PTSD patients and healthy individuals are not comparable in their subjective and physiological responding to emotion induction and bilateral stimulation

Pape,

Sammer,

Hanewald

et al. 2024

Front. Psychol.

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“…As it correlates with brain activity in the amygdalae and other areas of the limbic system, which are hyperactive in PTSD patients ( Davis et al, 1993 ; Angrilli et al, 1996 ; Lindner et al, 2015 ), it is neurobiologically consolidated and valid. In a study by Reichel et al (2020) , a significant reduction in affect-modulated startle response was observed in healthy individuals during bilateral tactile stimulation (as used in EMDR sessions). This effect was found for stimulation-only conditions and stimulation during the imagination of negative scripts.…”

Section: Measuring the Effects Of Cipos – Arousal And Valencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The additive efficacy of BLS has been demonstrated in numerous studies comparing conditions with and without bilateral stimulation. In summary, distress and arousal during imagination of negative scenes can be decreased ( Van den Hout et al, 2001 ; Engelhard et al, 2010 ; Lee and Cuijpers, 2013 ; Leer et al, 2014 ) and attention to positive scenes can be increased ( Reichel et al, 2020 ). The particular effect of BLS seems to depend on the speed of the stimulation: While processing traumatic material is done with rapid eye movements, resource installation is recommended to be done with slow eye movements ( Shapiro, 2018 ).…”

Section: Cipos – Constant Installation Of Present Orientation and Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Constant installation of present orientation and safety (CIPOS) - subjective and physiological effects of an ultrashort-term intervention combining both stabilizing and confrontational elements

Stingl

Sammer²,

Hanewald³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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ObjectivesConstant Installation of Present Orientation and Safety (CIPOS) is a Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)-derived technique, which is often used to prepare for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It differs from the latter by involving cyclically recurring exercises in reorientation to the present, interspersed between brief periods of exposure to the traumatic material.While EMDR is well established as a therapeutic method, the efficacy and mechanisms of action of CIPOS have not been investigated so far. In this pilot study, an experimental setting was used to record the subjective and physiological effects of the CIPOS intervention compared to a control condition with pure mental exposition.MethodsThe study was performed on 30 healthy volunteers aged from 20 to 30 years. Distress was induced using audio files of subjectively stressful situations. Subjective distress was measured via the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUD), while physiological indicators (noise-induced startle reflex, skin conductance level) were used as measures for objective stress. For each condition, pre- and post-intervention comparisons were calculated.ResultsIn both groups, startle reflex potentiation and mean skin conductance level significantly decreased. In the group with CIPOS intervention, but not in the control group, a significant decrease in the SUD value was found.Conclusion and significanceThe results show that the CIPOS technique is as effective as pure mental exposition in reducing physiological stress. In addition, a superiority in reducing subjective distress (indicating a simplified reassessment of the stressful material) was found compared to pure mental exposition. Possible explanations of these effects are discussed.

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Omitting continuous memory recall from dual-task interventions does not reduce intervention effectiveness

Schie

Veen

2023

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Good vibrations: Bilateral tactile stim1ulation decreases startle magnitude during negative imagination and increases skin conductance response for positive imagination in an affective startle reflex paradigm

Cited by 5 publications

References 55 publications

Apples and oranges: PTSD patients and healthy individuals are not comparable in their subjective and physiological responding to emotion induction and bilateral stimulation

Apples and oranges: PTSD patients and healthy individuals are not comparable in their subjective and physiological responding to emotion induction and bilateral stimulation

Constant installation of present orientation and safety (CIPOS) - subjective and physiological effects of an ultrashort-term intervention combining both stabilizing and confrontational elements

Omitting continuous memory recall from dual-task interventions does not reduce intervention effectiveness

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