Good interactions are hard to find

Miyake, Akira; Emerson, Michael J.; Friedman, Naomi P.

doi:10.1017/s0140525x99371788

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The visual digit load also adds nothing to the effects of noise or speech compression, except for (paradoxically) a slight increase in overall accuracy when digits are added to noise. Because the digit task has played an important role in the debate between Caplan and Waters (1999) and Just and Carpenter (1992) and Miyake et al, (1999), we return to these somewhat counterintuitive results for digits in more detail in the final discussion.…”

Section: Experiments 1b: College Students Under Normal and Stress Condmentioning

confidence: 98%

Language deficits, localization, and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals.

Dick¹,

Bates²,

Wulfeck³

et al. 2001

Psychological Review

209

171

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Selective deficits in aphasic patients' grammatical production and comprehension are often cited as evidence that syntactic processing is modular and localizable in discrete areas of the brain (e.g., Y. Grodzinsky, 2000). The authors review a large body of experimental evidence suggesting that morpho-syntactic deficits can be observed in a number of aphasic and neurologically intact populations. They present new data showing that receptive agrammatism is found not only over a range of aphasic groups, but is also observed in neurologically intact individuals processing under stressful conditions. The authors suggest that these data are most compatible with a domain-general account of language, one that emphasizes the interaction of linguistic distributions with the properties of an associative processor working under normal or suboptimal conditions.

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Section: Experiments 1b: College Students Under Normal and Stress Condmentioning

confidence: 98%

Language deficits, localization, and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals.

Dick¹,

Bates²,

Wulfeck³

et al. 2001

Psychological Review

209

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our expectation was that more continuous scoring methods would have better distribution and reliability characteristics because they provide more discrimination in terms of individual differences (Miyake, Emerson, & Friedman, 1999). Although the distribution characteristics (i.e., normality tests, skewness, and kurtosis) for span measures are rarely reported, there are a few studies that have reported reliability for various working memory span measures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of four scoring methods for the reading span test

Friedman

Miyake

2005

Behavior Research Methods

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150

127

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This study compared four common methods for scoring a popular working memory span task, Daneman and Carpenter's (1980) reading span test. More continuous measures, such as the total number of words recalled or the proportion of words per set averaged across all sets, were more normally distributed, had higher reliability, and had higher correlations with criterion measures (reading comprehension and Verbal SAT) than did traditional span scores that quantified the highest set size completed or the number of words in correct sets. Furthermore, creation of arbitrary groups (e.g., high-span and low-span groups) led to poor reliability and greatly reduced predictive power. It is recommended that researchers score span tasks with continuous measures and avoid post hoc dichotomization of working memory span groups.

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“…A factor that may affect the reliability and stability of WM measures is the method used to score the task. Miyake, Emerson, and Friedman (1999) have claimed that highly discrete measures of individual differences, such as the traditional reading span scores, are nonoptimal and result in low statistical power, since they reduce variance by not capturing subtle differences that may exist among individuals. In addition, they pointed out that the division of subjects into WM span groups raises problems, because this method treats all the members of a group as identical and so reduces power.…”

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confidence: 99%

The reliability and stability of verbal working memory measures

Waters

Caplan

2003

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

223

184

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Baddeley and Hitch developed the concept of working memory (WM) in a seminal paper in 1974. They argued that most cognitive tasks require the use of a WM system that not only stores small amounts of information for brief periods of time, as the older short-term memory (STM) system had been thought to do, but also simultaneously processes information. They carried out several experiments in which subjects were required to carry out a cognitive task, such as verbal reasoning, comprehension, or free recall, while simultaneously holding onto a memory load. Because the subjects were more affected by a concurrent memory load than by control tasks that simply required rehearsal, Baddeley and Hitch argued that reasoning and comprehension required WM, and not simply STM.Because of the presumed role of WM in many cognitive tasks, there has been considerable interest in the extent to which individual differences in WM capacity may explain individual differences in other cognitive domains. Studies in which the role of WM in some aspect of cognitive performance has been evaluated have been carried out in a wide variety of populations, including children (e.g., Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990), college students (e.g., Waters & Caplan, 1996), elderly individuals (e.g., Craik, Morris, & Gick, 1990;Park et al., 1996;Salthouse, 1990), and various brain-damaged populations (e.g., Caplan & Hildebrandt, 1988;Miyake, Carpenter, & Just, 1994;Tompkins, Bloise, Timko, & Baumgaertner, 1994;Waters & Caplan, 1997). However, the investigation of the role of WM in various cognitive tasks requires that WM be measured accurately. The focus of this article is on the measurement of WM capacity in both young and elderly individuals. Below, we will review the literature on various means that have been used to measure WM capacity and on the psychometric properties of these measures. Measurement of WM CapacityMany tasks have been developed that attempt to measure WM capacity. The common element in these tasks is that, in contrast to simple span tasks in which the material is usually repeated verbatim after some delay, these tasks involve both a processing and a storage component. Numerous WM span tasks have been developed that require the subject to perform an operation on each item or on the list as a whole and then to repeat the list or a particular item back. Examples of these tasks include tasks This work was supported by Grant AG00966 from the National Institute on Aging. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to G. S. Waters, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02116 (e-mail: gwaters@ bu.edu).The reliability and stability of verbal working memory measures GLORIA S. WATERS Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts and DAVID CAPLAN Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts The psychometric properties of several commonly used verbal working memory measures were assessed. One hundred thirty-nine individuals in five age groups (18-30, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ ye...

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Good interactions are hard to find

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Language deficits, localization, and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals.

Language deficits, localization, and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals.

Comparison of four scoring methods for the reading span test

The reliability and stability of verbal working memory measures

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