Good Cholesterol Gone Bad? HDL and COVID-19

Kluck, George Eduardo Gabriel; Yoo, Jeong-Ah; Sakarya, Emmanuel H; Trigatti, Bernardo L.

doi:10.3390/ijms221910182

“…Glycated HDL were a smaller particle size and presented a loss of PON activity to display the atherogenic properties. The pro-inflammatory effects of modified HDL with a loss of PON activity were mediated by cellular signaling between the blocking of scavenger receptor-B-I (SR-B-I) and the binding of glycated HDL [ 71 ].…”

Section: Hdl Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality

Cho

¹

2022

IJMS

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The quantity of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is represented as the serum HDL-C concentration (mg/dL), while the HDL quality manifests as the diverse features of protein and lipid content, extent of oxidation, and extent of glycation. The HDL functionality represents several performance metrics of HDL, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol efflux activities. The quantity and quality of HDL can change during one’s lifetime, depending on infection, disease, and lifestyle, such as dietary habits, exercise, and smoking. The quantity of HDL can change according to age and gender, such as puberty, middle-aged symptoms, climacteric, and the menopause. HDL-C can decrease during disease states, such as acute infection, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease, while it can be increased by regular aerobic exercise and healthy food consumption. Generally, high HDL-C at the normal level is associated with good HDL quality and functionality. Nevertheless, high HDL quantity is not always accompanied by good HDL quality or functionality. The HDL quality concerns the morphology of the HDL, such as particle size, shape, and number. The HDL quality also depends on the composition of the HDL, such as apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-III, serum amyloid A, and α-synuclein), cholesterol, and triglyceride. The HDL quality is also associated with the extent of HDL modification, such as glycation and oxidation, resulting in the multimerization of apoA-I, and the aggregation leads to amyloidogenesis. The HDL quality frequently determines the HDL functionality, which depends on the attached antioxidant enzyme activity, such as the paraoxonase and cholesterol efflux activity. Conventional HDL functionality is regression, the removal of cholesterol from atherosclerotic lesions, and the removal of oxidized species in low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Recently, HDL functionality was reported to expand the removal of β-amyloid plaque and inhibit α-synuclein aggregation in the brain to attenuate Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. More recently, HDL functionality has been associated with the susceptibility and recovery ability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by inhibiting the activity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The appearance of dysfunctional HDL is frequently associated with many acute infectious diseases and chronic aging-related diseases. An HDL can be a suitable biomarker to diagnose many diseases and their progression by monitoring the changes in its quantity and quality in terms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. An HDL can be a protein drug used for the removal of plaque and as a delivery vehicle for non-soluble drugs and genes. A dysfunctional HDL has poor HDL quality, such as a lower apoA-I content, lower antioxidant ability, smaller size, and ambiguous shape. The current review analyzes the recent advances in HDL quantity, quality, and functionality, depending on the health and disease state during one’s lifetime.

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“…In addition, decreased number of small HDL particles is inversely associated with the disease activity score and CRP levels during inflammatory states [ 27 ]. Studies during COVID-19 pandemic showed reduced HDL-C levels reflecting reduced levels of HDL particles in plasma of severe COVID-19 patients [ 28 , 29 ]. We demonstrated low HDL-C levels are related to severity of COVID-19 in accordance with the recent literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome Components and COVID-19 Disease Severity in Hospitalized Patients: A Pilot Study

Erman

¹

,

Böyük

²

,

Sertbaş

³

et al. 2022

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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Background. Preliminary data suggest that patients with comorbidities are more susceptible to severe COVID-19 infection. However, data regarding the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with COVID-19 are scarce. Aim. In the present study, we aim to investigate the association between MetS components and disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study of 90 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at a tertiary hospital. The study population consisted of inpatients who tested positive by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. Patients with critical COVID-19 disease on admission were excluded. Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) criteria were used to define MetS. Laboratory analysis and thorax CT were performed on admission. Results. 90 patients, 60 moderate and 30 severe COVID-19 patients, included in the study. The percentage of MetS cases was higher among severe COVID-19 patients ( p = 0.018 ). Of the MetS criteria fasting blood glucose ( p = 0.004 ), triglycerides ( p = 0.007 ) were significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 disease with no statistical significance found in waist circumference (WC) ( p = 0.348 ), systolic blood pressure ( p = 0.429 ), and HDL-C levels ( p = 0.263 ) between two groups. Body mass index (BMI) values were similar in both severe and moderate cases ( p = 0.854 ). In logistic regression analysis, serum triglycerides ( p = 0.024 ), HDL-C ( p = 0.006 ), and WC ( p = 0.004 ) were found as independent prognostic factor for severe COVID-19 infection. Conclusion. Severe COVID-19 patients have higher rates of MetS. Serum triglycerides, HDL-C, and WC have an impact on disease severity in COVID-19.

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“…The synthesis and utilization of cholesterol is a strongly controlled method that prevents its overdeposition of tissue. However, abnormal synthesis and utilization of cholesterol due to certain inherited diseases, infection, and/or unhealthy lifestyle, contributes to the development of hyperlipidemia and hypolipidemia [246][247][248][249][250]. Several illnesses, such as atherosclerosis, xanthomas, tangier, strokes, and cardiovascular diseases have been linked to high cholesterol levels [251][252][253][254].…”

Section: Cholesterol-induced α-Syn Abnormalities In Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease

Hatton

¹

,

Pandey

²

2022

IJMS

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, affecting up to 10 million people. This disease mainly happens due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons accountable for memory and motor function. Partial glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency and the resultant excess accumulation of glycosphingolipids and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation have been linked to predominant risk factors that lead to neurodegeneration and memory and motor defects in PD, with known and unknown causes. An increasing body of evidence uncovers the role of several other lipids and their association with α-syn aggregation, which activates the innate and adaptive immune system and sparks brain inflammation in PD. Here, we review the emerging role of a number of lipids, i.e., triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG), glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sphingolipids, gangliosides, glycerophospholipids (GPL), and cholesterols, and their connection with α-syn aggregation as well as the induction of innate and adaptive immune reactions that trigger neuroinflammation in PD.

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Good Cholesterol Gone Bad? HDL and COVID-19

Cited by 25 publications

References 208 publications

The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality

The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality

Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome Components and COVID-19 Disease Severity in Hospitalized Patients: A Pilot Study

Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease

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