Golgi transporters: opening the gate to cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis

Reyes, Francisca; Orellana, Ariel

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2008.03.008

Cited by 63 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The biosynthesis of many noncellulosic polysaccharides is associated with Golgi vesicles (Reyes and Orellana, 2008). In angiosperm species such as Linum usitatissimum, secondary cell wall biosynthesis involves substantial deposition of galactans, which accumulate in Golgi-derived vesicles (Gorshkova and Morvan, 2006).…”

Section: Udpase Activity Levels In Microsome Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

et al. 2009

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Softwood species such as pines react to gravitropic stimuli by producing compression wood, which unlike normal wood contains significant amounts of b(1,4)-galactan. Currently, little is known regarding the biosynthesis or physiological function of this polymer or the regulation of its deposition. The subcellular location of b(1,4)-galactan in developing tracheids was investigated in Pinus radiata D. Don using anti-b(1,4)-galactan antibodies to gain insight into its possible physiological role in compression wood. b(1,4)-Galactan was prominent and evenly distributed throughout the S2 layer of developing tracheid cell walls in P. radiata compression wood. In contrast, b(1,4)-galactan was not detected in normal wood. Greatly reduced antibody labeling was observed in fully lignified compression wood tracheids, implying that lignification results in masking of the epitope. To begin to understand the biosynthesis of galactan and its regulation, an assay was developed to monitor the enzyme that elongates the b(1,4)-galactan backbone in pine. A b(1,4)-galactosyltransferase (GalT) activity capable of extending 2-aminopyridine-labeled galacto-oligosaccharides was found to be associated with microsomes. Digestion of the enzymatic products using a b(1,4)-specific endogalactanase confirmed the production of b(1,4)-galactan by this enzyme. This GalT activity was substantially higher in compression wood relative to normal wood. Characterization of the identified pine GalT enzyme activity revealed pH and temperature optima of 7.0 and 20°C, respectively. The b(1,4)-galactan produced by the pine GalT had a higher degree of polymerization than most pectic galactans found in angiosperms. This observation is consistent with the high degree of polymerization of the naturally occurring b(1,4)-galactan in pine.

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Section: Udpase Activity Levels In Microsome Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, based on other cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic enzymes, it is likely that the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of b(1,4)-galactan are either Golgi localized or pass through the Golgi in transit to the apoplastic space (Reyes and Orellana, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

et al. 2009

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“…Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) in the Golgi membrane overcome this topological problem and supply the substrates needed in the Golgi lumen for polysaccharide biosynthesis Reyes and Orellana, 2008;Temple et al, 2016). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the genes encoding for NSTs are similar to those encoding for plastidic triose phosphate translocators (TPTs); together, 44 NSTs and 7 TPTs form a gene family of 51 members (Knappe et al, 2003;Rautengarten et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UUAT1 Is a Golgi-Localized UDP-Uronic Acid Transporter That Modulates the Polysaccharide Composition of Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage

et al. 2017

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“…The use of distinct sites for synthesis of substrates and glycoconjugated products requires mechanisms for the transport of metabolites across biological membranes. Therefore, organisms have evolved nucleotide sugar transporter (NST) proteins encoded by a large gene family for translocation of substrates from the cytoplasm to the Golgi/ER lumen (4,5).…”

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Golgi nucleotide sugar transporter modulates cell wall biosynthesis and plant growth in rice

Zhang

Liu

Qian

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Golgi-localized nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) are considered essential for the biosynthesis of wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins based on their characteristic transport of a large number of nucleotide sugars to the Golgi lumen. The lack of NST mutants in plants has prevented evaluation of this hypothesis in plants. A previously undescribed Golgi NST mutant, brittle culm14 (bc14), displays reduced mechanical strength caused by decreased cellulose content and altered wall structure, and exhibits abnormalities in plant development. Map-based cloning revealed that all of the observed mutant phenotypes result from a missense mutation in a putative NST gene, Oryza sativa Nucleotide Sugar Transporter1 (OsNST1). OsNST1 was identified as a Golgi-localized transporter by analysis of a fluorescence-tagged OsNST1 expressed in rice protoplast cells and demonstration of UDP-glucose transport activity via uptake assays in yeast. Compositional sugar analyses in total and fractionated wall residues of wild-type and bc14 culms showed a deficiency in the synthesis of glucoconjugated polysaccharides in bc14, indicating that OsNST1 supplies the glucosyl substrate for the formation of matrix polysaccharides, and thereby modulates cellulose biosynthesis. OsNST1 is ubiquitously expressed, with high expression in mechanical tissues. The inferior mechanical strength and abnormal development of bc14 plants suggest that OsNST1 has pleiotropic effects on cell wall biosynthesis and plant growth. Identification of OsNST1 has improved our understanding of how cell wall polysaccharide synthesis is regulated by Golgi NSTs in plants.UDP-glucose transporter | cell-wall regulation | rice brittleness mutant

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Golgi transporters: opening the gate to cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis

Cited by 63 publications

References 57 publications

Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

Exploring the Ultrastructural Localization and Biosynthesis of β(1,4)-Galactan in Pinus radiata Compression Wood

UUAT1 Is a Golgi-Localized UDP-Uronic Acid Transporter That Modulates the Polysaccharide Composition of Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage

Golgi nucleotide sugar transporter modulates cell wall biosynthesis and plant growth in rice

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