Golgi-Targeting Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring CO-Releasing Molecule-3 In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract

CO-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3), mainly metal carbonyl compounds, is widely used as experimental tools to deliver CO, a biological “gasotransmitter”, in mammalian systems. CORM-3 is also proposed as a potential new antimicrobial agent, which kills bacteria effectively and rapidly in vitro and in animal models. Organelle-targeting therapy, as a highly effective therapeutic strategy with little toxic and side effects, has important research significance and development prospects. Therefore, the development of effective methods for detecting and tracking CORM-3 at the subcellular level has important implications. In this paper, an easily available Golgi-targetable fluorescent probe (Golgi-Nap-CORM-3) was proposed for CORM-3 detection. In the probe Golgi-Nap-CORM-3, the phenyl sulfonamide group was selected as the Golgi-targetable unit, naphthalimide dye was chosen as a fluorophore, and the nitro group was selected as a CORM-3-responsive unit. Golgi-Nap-CORM-3 shows a CORM-3-reponsive increase of fluorescence emission at 520 nm. Using the excellent probe, the change of CORM-3 in HeLa cells, HepG2 cells, and zebrafish is successfully monitored. This study demonstrates very important information for the study of CORM-3 in vivo systems.

Golgi Stress Response: New Insights into the Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets of Human Diseases

“…Golgi-Nap-CORM-3 is a Golgi-targetable fluorescent probe that detects carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3). It consists mainly of metal carbonyl compounds and is used as an experimental tool to deliver CO ( Li et al, 2022b ). Many different fluorescent probes have been developed that specifically target the Golgi, and they may prove helpful in advancing our understanding of the diseases associated with Golgi stress.…”

Optical Nanomaterials for Advanced Bioimaging Applications

“…91 This one acts as a Golgi probe for detection of COreleasing bacteria for development of new antimicrobial therapeutic agent. 91 Other works report that the cellular uptake pathway and optimal surface decoration of the nanoprobe control their subcellular localization. 92,93 As shown in Figure 4g, amphiphillic carbon dots, whose surfaces are decorated with CH 3 , C−O−C, and NH 2 groups and enter via caveolin-mediated endocytosis, tend to locate in the Golgi apparatus.…”

“…If any QD nanoprobe enters into the cell through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, then lysosomal trafficking occurs, but if cytosolic entry occurs by caveolae/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, then perinuclear localization, especially the Golgi apparatus targeting, is favored. He et al designed a Golgi-targeting fluorescent probe Golgi-Nap-CORM-3, where phenyl sulfonamide group is used as the Golgi-targetable unit, naphthalimide dye as a signal reporter, and a nitro moiety in the fluorophore with CO-responsive property . This one acts as a Golgi probe for detection of CO-releasing bacteria for development of new antimicrobial therapeutic agent .…”

“…He et al designed a Golgi-targeting fluorescent probe Golgi-Nap-CORM-3, where phenyl sulfonamide group is used as the Golgi-targetable unit, naphthalimide dye as a signal reporter, and a nitro moiety in the fluorophore with CO-responsive property . This one acts as a Golgi probe for detection of CO-releasing bacteria for development of new antimicrobial therapeutic agent . Other works report that the cellular uptake pathway and optimal surface decoration of the nanoprobe control their subcellular localization. , As shown in Figure g, amphiphillic carbon dots, whose surfaces are decorated with CH 3 , C–O–C, and NH 2 groups and enter via caveolin-mediated endocytosis, tend to locate in the Golgi apparatus …”

Hypoxia-Responsive Golgi-Targeted Prodrug Assembled with Anthracycline for Improved Antitumor and Antimetastasis Efficacy

“…So far, Golgi disrupting agents are seldom employed in disease treatment for their poor specificity and high toxicity. , Meanwhile, Golgi-targeted drug delivery systems are also lacking, and most studies about Golgi-targeting strategies focus on the specific fluorescent probes for Golgi imaging and diagnosis using small molecular Golgi-targeting structures such as indomethacin (IMC), cysteine, − sphingosine, phenylsulfonamide, − myristyl, , and quinoline derivatives. − For therapy, our group discovered the affinity between chondroitin sulfate (CS) and Golgi apparatus and constructed CS-modified Golgi-targeted drug delivery systems to treat liver fibrosis, cancer, and metastasis through targeting CD44 on the tumor cell surface and intracellular Golgi bodies. − However, CS-based formulations are only applicable to cells with high expression of CD44. As a kind of muco­polysaccharide, CS is also easily degraded by hyaluronidase in tumor tissues, which may lead to the loss of Golgi-targeting efficiency.…”