Gold partitioning in melt-vapor-brine systems

Simon, Adam C.; Frank, Mark R.; Pettke, Thomas; Candela, Philip A.; Piccoli, Philip M.; Heinrich, Christoph A.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.01.028

Cited by 111 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…11) and metals such as the REE, Fe, Cu and Au that it scavenged originallyfrom the silicate melt due to the magmatic temperatures and high salinity of the fluid (Reed et al, 2000;Simon et al, 2004Simon et al, , 2005Simon et al, , 2006Zajacz et al, 2012;Frank et al, 2011;Migdisov et al, 2014;Hurtig and Williams-Jones, 2014). The high Cl content of the fluid facilitates metal-chloride complexes and allows it to transport these metals, some of which exhibit retrograde solubility, i.e.…”

Section: Genetic Link Between Kiruna-type Ioa and Iocg Deposits?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Knipping

Bilenker

Simon

et al. 2015

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. data demonstrate that a saline magmatic-hydrothermal ore fluid will scavenge significant quantities of metals such as Cu and Au from a silicate melt, and when combined with solubility data for Fe, Cu and Au, it is plausible that the magmatic-hydrothermal ore fluid that continues to ascend from the IOA depositional environment can retain sufficient concentrations of these metals to form iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits at lateral and/or stratigraphically higher levels in the crust. Notably, this study provides a new discrimination diagram to identify magnetite from Kiruna-type deposits and to distinguish them from IOCG, porphyry and Fe-Ti-V/P deposits, based on low Cr (< 100 ppm) and high V (>500 ppm) concentrations. Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

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Section: Genetic Link Between Kiruna-type Ioa and Iocg Deposits?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Knipping

Bilenker

Simon

et al. 2015

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Self Cite

217

104

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“…1), the majority of samples in this study (with the exception of a few ultrapotassic samples in the Bingham district; Maughan et al, 2002), including limited data for Miocene ultrapotassic rocks of the EPRIM (Kay et al, 1994;Redwood and Rice, 1997;Sandeman and Clark, 2004;Maria and Luhe, 2008;Gómez-Tuena et al, 2011) and southern Tibet (Miller et al, 1999;Ding et al, 2003Ding et al, , 2006Williams et al, 2004;Gao et al, 2007b;Zhao et al, 2009;Chen et al, 2012), do not contain high concentrations of Cu (<130 ppm). However, these mantle-derived potassic and ultrapotassic magmas are typically enriched in the LILE, LREE, and volatiles such as H 2 O, CO 2 , F, and Cl (e.g., Rock, 1987;Rock et al, 1990;Behrens et al, 2009), all of which likely enhance the solubility of chalcophile elements, such as Cu and Au, in high-temperature aqueous fluids (e.g., Heinrich et al, 1992;Pokrovski et al, 2005Pokrovski et al, , 2008Simon et al, 2005Simon et al, , 2006Zajacz et al, 2008Zajacz et al, , 2011Seo et al, 2009). This indicates that the generally high K 2 O concentrations (K 2 O/Na 2 O > 0.5) in magmas associated with porphyry Cu mineralization are most likely produced by mixing between melts derived from the underplated basaltic lower crust and ascending mantle-derived potassic and ultrapotassic magmas (e.g., Pettke et al, 2010;Yang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical differences between subduction- and collision-related copper-bearing porphyries and implications for metallogenesis

Chen

Wang

et al. 2015

Ore Geology Reviews

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Porphyry Cu (-Mo-Au) deposits occur not only in continental margin-arc settings (subduction-related porphyry Cu deposits, such as those along the eastern Pacific Rim (EPRIM)), but also in continent-continent collisional orogenic belts (collision-related porphyry Cu deposits, such as those in southern Tibet). These Cu-mineralized porphyries, which develop in contrasting tectonic settings, are characterized by some different trace element (e.g., Th, and Y) concentrations and their ratios (e.g., Sr/Y, and La/Yb), suggesting that their source magmas probably developed by different processes. Subduction-related porphyry Cu mineralization on the EPRIM is associated with intermediate to felsic calc-alkaline magmas derived from primitive basaltic magmas that pooled beneath the lower crust and underwent melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization (MASH), whereas K-enriched collision-related porphyry Cu mineralization was associated with underplating of subduction-modified basaltic materials beneath the lower crust (with subsequent transformation into amphibolites and eclogite amphibolites), and resulted from partial melting of the newly formed thickened lower crust. These different processes led to the collision-related porphyry Cu deposits associated with adakitic magmas enriched by the addition of melts, and the subduction-related porphyry Cu deposits associated with magmas comprising all compositions between normal arc rocks and adakitic rocks, all of which were associated with fluid-dominated enrichment process.In subduction-related Cu porphyry magmas, the oxidation state (fO 2 ), the concentrations of chalcophile metals, and other volatiles (e.g., S and Cl), and the abundance of water were directly controlled by the composition of the primary arc basaltic magma. In contrast, the high Cu concentrations and fO 2 values of collision-related Cu porphyry magmas were indirectly derived from subduction modified magmas, and the large amount of water and other volatiles in these magmas were controlled in part by partial melting of amphibolite derived from arc basalts that were underplated beneath the lower crust, and in part by the contribution from the rising potassic and ultrapotassic magmas. Both subduction-and collision-related porphyries are enriched in potassium, and were associated with crustal thickening. Their high K 2 O contents were primarily as a result of the inheritance of enriched mantle components and/or mixing with contemporaneous ultrapotassic magmas.

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“…Solubilities of noble metals, including gold, were measured in basaltic liquids saturated with sulfides and sulfates at 1300 °C and 10 kbar (Jugo et al, 2005). Several other studies have focused on the partitioning of Au between either silicic or mafic melt, vapour, brine, and condensed phases such as magnetite and sulfides ( [Bezmen et al, 1994], [Fleet et al, 1996], [Fleet et al, 1999], [Crocket et al, 1997], [Jugo et al, 1999], [Frank et al, 2002], [Simon et al, 2003], [Simon et al, 2005] and [Simon et al, 2007]). Therefore, no Au solubility data is presently available at magmatic conditions for intermediate melts typical of mineralizing systems in arc settings.…”

Section: Experimental Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is one reason why we did not examine here the partitioning of gold between melt and fluid. Yet, we aim to stress that the main goal of the present study was not to examine the process controlling gold partitioning during volatile exsolution at the hydrothermal stage, which has already been much investigated ( [Bezmen et al, 1994], [Fleet et al, 1996], [Fleet et al, 1999], [Crocket et al, 1997], [Jugo et al, 1999], [Frank et al, 2002], [Simon et al, 2003], [Simon et al, 2005] and [Simon et al, 2007]), but to focus on the solubility and transport of gold in melt at the magmatic stage.…”

Section: Experimental Products and Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of previous studies focused on the determination of the partitioning of gold ( [Bezmen et al, 1994], [Fleet et al, 1996], [Fleet et al, 1999], [Crocket et al, 1997], [Jugo et al, 1999], [Frank et al, 2002], [Simon et al, 2003], [Simon et al, 2005] and [Simon et al, 2007]) rather than carefully looking at its solubility in melt. Besides, the experimental conditions or melt compositions of the few studies reporting gold solubility data always differ from ours, making difficult any comparison.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Solubility Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Controls on gold solubility in arc magmas: An experimental study at 1000°C and 4kbar

Jégo

Pichavant

Mavrogenes

2010

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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In order to (1) explain the worldwide association between epithermal gold-coppermolybdenum deposits and arc magmas and (2) test the hypothesis that adakitic magmas would be Au-specialized, we have determined the solubility of Au at 4 kbar and 1000 °C for three intermediate magmas (two adakites and one calc-alkaline composition) from the Philippines. The experiments were performed over a fO 2 range corresponding to reducing ( NNO−1), moderately oxidizing ( NNO+1.5) and strongly oxidizing ( NNO+3) conditions as measured by solid Ni-Pd-O sensors. They were carried out in gold containers, the latter serving also as the source of gold, in presence of variable amounts of H 2 O and, in a few additional experiments, of S. Concentrations of Au in glasses were determined by LA-ICPMS. Gold solubility in melt is very low (30-240 ppb) but increases with fO 2 in a way consistent with the dissolution of gold as both Au 1+ and Au 3+ species. In the S-bearing experiments performed at NNO−1, gold solubility reaches much higher values, from 1200 to 4300 ppb, and seems to correlate with melt S content. No systematic difference in gold solubility is observed between the adakitic and the non-adakitic compositions investigated. Oxygen fugacity and the sulfur concentration in melt are the main parameters controlling the incorporation and concentration of gold in magmas. Certain adakitic and non-adakitic magmas have high fO 2 and magmatic S concentrations favorable to the incorporation and transport of gold. Therefore, the cause of a particular association between some arc magmas and Au-Cu-Mo deposits needs to be searched in the origin of those specialized magmas by involvement of Au-and S-rich protoliths. The subducted slab, which contains metal-rich massive sulfides, may constitute a potentially favorable protolith for the genesis of magmas specialized with respect to gold.

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Gold partitioning in melt-vapor-brine systems

Cited by 111 publications

References 51 publications

Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Geochemical differences between subduction- and collision-related copper-bearing porphyries and implications for metallogenesis

Controls on gold solubility in arc magmas: An experimental study at 1000°C and 4kbar

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