Gold nanorods inhibit respiratory syncytial virus by stimulating the innate immune response

Bawage, Swapnil; Tiwari, Pooja; Singh, Shree R.; Dixit, Saurabh; Pillai, Shreekumar R.; Dennis, Vida A.

doi:10.1016/j.nano.2016.06.006

Cited by 42 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“… 130 Gold nanorods were applied to boost the innate immune response against RSV in vivo . 131 Interestingly, it was shown that these nanorods (when intranasally administered with RSV) were not only able to activate the ISGs but also to tune the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the blocking of the infection with a reduced pulmonary inflammation. 131 As drug carriers, HNMs can also affect the internalization pathways, modulate drug efficacy, and the immune cell responses.…”

Section: Interaction With the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics

et al. 2020

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The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has spread worldwide during 2020, setting up an uncertain start of this decade. The measures to contain infection taken by many governments have been extremely severe by imposing home lockdown and industrial production shutdown, making this the biggest crisis since the second world war. Additionally, the continuous colonization of wild natural lands may touch unknown virus reservoirs, causing the spread of epidemics. Apart from SARS-Cov-2, the recent history has seen the spread of several viral pandemics such as H2N2 and H3N3 flu, HIV, and SARS, while MERS and Ebola viruses are considered still in a prepandemic phase. Hard nanomaterials (HNMs) have been recently used as antimicrobial agents, potentially being next-generation drugs to fight viral infections. HNMs can block infection at early (disinfection, entrance inhibition) and middle (inside the host cells) stages and are also able to mitigate the immune response. This review is focused on the application of HNMs as antiviral agents. In particular, mechanisms of actions, biological outputs, and limitations for each HNM will be systematically presented and analyzed from a material chemistry point-of-view. The antiviral activity will be discussed in the context of the different pandemic viruses. We acknowledge that HNM antiviral research is still at its early stage, however, we believe that this field will rapidly blossom in the next period.

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Section: Interaction With the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics

et al. 2020

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“…For example, gold nanorods were shown to inhibit respiratory syncytial virus and were able to stimulate antiviral response in mice. 11 Currently, a number of studies exploit the immunostimulating properties of NPs used as anticancer therapies [12][13][14] and as vaccine vehicles. 15 In this review, though, we focused on unintended immune reactions triggered by NPs as they are not always detected on due time.…”

Section: Activation Of the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Main trends of immune effects triggered by nanomedicines in preclinical studies

Halamoda-Kenzaoui

Bremer‐Hoffmann

2018

IJN

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The application of nanotechnology to emerging medicinal products is a crucial parameter for the implementation of personalized medicine. For example, sophisticated drug delivery systems can target the diseased tissue by recognizing patient-specific biomarkers while carrying pharmacologically active molecules. However, such nanomedicines can be recognized by the immune system as foreign triggering unexpected biological reactions. The anticipation of the immunogenic potential of emerging nanotechnology-based products in the preclinical phase is challenging due to high interspecies variations between the immune systems of laboratory animals and humans. A close monitoring of the scientific literature is required to better understand the relationship between various immune reactions and the diversity of nanomedicines currently in the development pipeline. We have reviewed the most frequent immune reactions induced by the nanomaterials in vivo and have identified the main effects triggered by lipid-based, polymer-based and inorganic nanoparticles, as the main categories of nanomaterials used in medicine. According to our results, almost 50% of the investigated nanomaterials induced effects related to the activation of the immune system. Among them, complement activation-related hypersensitivity reactions and activation of adaptive immune response were the most frequent effects reported for the lipid-based nanoparticles. However, many of these effects are not or are only partially covered by the current regulatory framework applicable for nanomedicines. In addition, we extracted the most relevant nanospecific properties responsible for the observed biological effects. Our analysis led to identification of the most prevalent measurement endpoints relevant for the assessment of the immunotoxic potential of the nanotechnology-based products and will support the smooth and safe translation of the new formulations to clinical applications.

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“…Till now nanotechnology has been used in detection and drug delivery applications for the treatment of various diseases caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex viruses (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza A virus (H1N1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), NIPAH virus etc. Different nano-platforms such as, nanoparticles [25], nanorods [26], lyposomes [27], dendrimers [28], micelles [29], nanosuspensions [30], lipid nanoparticles [31] etc. have been used as carriers of drugs used to treat viral infections.…”

Section: Nanotechnology In Viral Infection Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outlook on Nanocarriers to Improve Drug Efficacy of Chloroquine against SARS-CoV-2

Kashyap¹,

Sarma²

2020

JNST

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The sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 at the end of last year and its subsequent attainment of pandemic proportions have not only paralyzed the healthcare system but also destabilized the world economy due to subdued human activity in the past few months. Scientists the world over have been fervently working on finding a cure for the viral infection. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are amongst the most popular medicines that are being considered as a counter to the SARS-CoV-2. However, the clinical trials of the drug both as a preventive for frontline healthcare professionals and as a cure for the infected have yielded mixed results. This is mainly due to the cardiotoxicity induced by the drug via QT prolongation when administered in high dosages. The prescription of the drug is further inadvisable if patients have been prescribed other QT prolonging drugs like azithromycin or have a known cardiac history. The authors have extensively studied literature on chloroquine mechanism of action and the successful use of nanocarriers as drug delivery vehicles against different viruses, malarial infections and in cancer therapy. The combination of nano-carrier and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine is expected to overcome the limitations of the use of free chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine via increased drug efficacy and thus decreased chances of lethality arising from cardiotoxicity.

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Gold nanorods inhibit respiratory syncytial virus by stimulating the innate immune response

Cited by 42 publications

References 49 publications

Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics

Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics

Main trends of immune effects triggered by nanomedicines in preclinical studies

An Outlook on Nanocarriers to Improve Drug Efficacy of Chloroquine against SARS-CoV-2

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