Gold Nanoparticles: Construction for Drug Delivery and Application in Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy is an innovative treatment strategy to enhance the ability of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. However, dose limitations, low response rates, and adverse immune events pose significant challenges. To address these limitations, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been explored as immunotherapeutic drug carriers owing to their stability, surface versatility, and excellent optical properties. This review provides an overview of the advanced synthesis routes for AuNPs and their utilization as drug carriers to improve precision therapies. The review also emphasises various aspects of AuNP-based immunotherapy, including drug loading, targeting strategies, and drug release mechanisms. The application of AuNPs combined with cancer immunotherapy and their therapeutic efficacy are briefly discussed. Overall, we aimed to provide a recent understanding of the advances, challenges, and prospects of AuNPs for anticancer applications.

Ion mobility–tandem mass spectrometry of bulky tert‐butyl thiol ligated gold nanoparticles

“…56 The crystal structure of Au 23 (S-C 6 H 11 ) 16 forms with a TOA + counter ion. 59 In the positive ion mode, Au 23 (S-tBu) 16 ionizes with two Cs + ion adducts (Figure 1B), consistent with this inherent À1 unit, whose equivalent had been observed in previous MSMS experiments. 49,51 Au 23 S À tBu…”

“…The synthesis route of Au 23 (S-tBu) 16 was adapted from the published literature. 56 Briefly, 0.1 g (0.254 mmol) of HAuCl 4 Á3H 2 O and 0.208 g (0.380 mmol) of TOABr were dissolved in 10 ml of THF in a round bottom flask and stirred at 500 rpm for 20 min.…”

“…After 18 h, the sample was rotary evaporated to dryness and washed with water and methanol to remove byproducts. Finally, Au 23 (S-tBu) 16 was extracted with dichloromethane and centrifuged. The supernatant was rotary evaporated, dried and stored at 4 C.…”

“…The combination of IM-MSMS may offer further insights into the structure and stability of the AuNPs, although currently few studies have reported on the MSMS and IM-MSMS of AuNPs. [49][50][51][52][53][54][55] In the research reported here, ESI-IM-MSMS was used to dissociate two AuNPs; Au 23 (S-tBu) 16 and Au 30 (S-tBu) 18 , using the Waters Synapt XS. The fragmentation products were measured over the instrument's maximum range of trap collision energies (CEs) along with their relative spatial size measured by traveling-wave IM.…”

“…In the following descriptions, the charge of the Au 23 (S-tBu) 16 and its observed product ions are always À1 whereas the charge of Au 30 (S-tBu) 18 and its product ions are +1, even though the charge is not explicitly included in the formulas throughout the discussion.…”