Gold nanoparticle surface engineering strategies and their applications in biomedicine and diagnostics

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have found a wide range of biomedical and environmental monitoring applications (viz. drug delivery, diagnostics, biosensing, bio-imaging, theranostics, and hazardous chemical sensing) due to their excellent optoelectronic and enhanced physico-chemical properties. The modulation of these properties is done by functionalizing them with the synthesized AuNPs with polymers, surfactants, ligands, drugs, proteins, peptides, or oligonucleotides for attaining the target specificity, selectivity and sensitivity for their various applications in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. This review intends to highlight the contribution of such AuNPs in state-of-the-art ventures of diverse biomedical applications. Therefore, a brief discussion on the synthesis of AuNPs has been summarized prior to comprehensive detailing of their surface modification strategies and the applications. Here in, we have discussed various ways of AuNPs functionalization including thiol, phosphene, amine, polymer and silica mediated passivation strategies. Thereafter, the implications of these passivated AuNPs in sensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), bioimaging, drug delivery, and theranostics have been extensively discussed with the a number of illustrations.

Gold‐Iron Bimetallic Nanoparticles Impregnated Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Nanosensor for Label‐free Detection of Biomarker Related to Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

“…To accomplish the accurate sensing; they are progressively being engaged in development of modern sensors because of their unique electro‐catalytic behaviour . The synthesis of advanced engineered NM and their composites for the faster electron transfer at the transducing surface can pave a new dimension in the designing of enhanced modern sensors . Among various engineered NM, mono‐metallic viz .…”

Engineered Nanomaterial Assisted Signal‐amplification Strategies for Enhancing Analytical Performance of Electrochemical Biosensors

“…These surface modifications can be possible by application of NM while fabrication of sensing platform. Several NM, such as metal gold NP and platinum NP are competent enough to enhance the conductivity of electrode surface . Another approach to get enhanced signal in biosensor can be obtained by increasing the charge transfer between sensing surface and electrode.…”

Long-term stability and scale-up of noncovalently bound gold nanoparticle-siRNA suspensions

“…The noncovalent AuNP-siRNA nanoconstructions containing the fluorescent label were prepared similar to the native compositions using labeled siRNA (2).…”

“…The delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) is of particular importance due to their operation at the genomic level, and various nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied as carriers of TNAs (i.e., metallic, lipid, polymer, and peptide NPs, and their diverse compositions). Significant attention has been paid to gold NPs (AuNPs) due to their unique physical and chemical properties, where resent results are summarized and analyzed in recent comprehensive reviews [1][2][3]. The use of AuNPs as a vehicle for TNAs has many advantages including the opportunity to directly observe the site of drug location and monitor its movement in a cell, thereby making AuNPs particularly attractive for TNA studies, since different TNAs operate in cell different areas [1,4,5].…”