Gold Nanoparticle-Based Platforms for Diagnosis and Treatment of Myocardial Infarction

Abstract

In recent years, an increasing rate of mortality due to myocardial infarction (MI) has led to the development of nanobased platforms, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as promising nanomaterials for diagnosis and treatment of MI. These promising NPs have been used to develop different nanobiosensors, mainly optical sensors for early detection of biomarkers as well as biomimetic/bioinspired platforms for cardiac tissue engineering (CTE). Therefore, in this Review, we presented an overview on the potential application of AuNPs as optical (surface plasmon resonance, colorimetric, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence) nanobiosensors for early diagnosis and prognosis of MI. On the other hand, we discussed the potential application of AuNPs either alone or with other NPs/polymers as promising three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to regulate the microenvironment and mimic the morphological and electrical features of cardiac cells for potential application in CTE. Furthermore, we presented the challenges and ongoing efforts associated with the application of AuNPs in the diagnosis and treatment of MI. In conclusion, this Review may provide outstanding information regarding the development of AuNP-based technology as a promising platform for current MI treatment approaches.

Fabrication Methods of Electroactive Scaffold-Based Conducting Polymers for Tissue Engineering Application: A Review

“…Another significant role of the gold nanowires in the collagen fiber matrix was strengthening cell to cell interactions by promoting cellular adhesion and repeatable branching. Hence, the rationale to incorporate metallic nanoparticles for conductivity enhancement are promising, yet there are still some significant impediments to the in-vivo deployment of these materials since the quantity of scientific reports is insufficient to allow them to be commercialized in medical practice ( Khan et al, 2020 ). Therefore, current research is shifting toward developing injectable, adhesive, and in situ-curable conductive scaffolds for electrically active tissues, such as cardiac and neuronal tissues ( Meyers et al, 2021 ).…”

Nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular aging and related diseases

“… 412 Notably, AuNPs have emerged as ideal drug delivery systems for the intervention and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, due to their cardioprotective effects and unique properties, such as safety and prolonged drug action. 413 – 415 For instance, the accumulation of AuNPs in infarcted heart tissues reportedly decreased the size of infarction, suppressed levels of TNF-α and cardiac fibrosis, and ameliorated cardiac systolic function. 416 , 417 MI antigens and rapamycin-loaded liposomes induced antigen-specific regulatory T cells and suppressed macrophage polarization, thereby blocking excessive inflammation following MI.…”

Hyaluronic acid/gelatin microcapsule functionalized with carbon nanotube through laccase‐catalyzed crosslinking for fabrication of cardiac microtissue

“…Among these, cardiac tissue engineering advances biomimetic scaffolds composed of functional biomaterials to better recapture the native extracellular microenvironment in vitro and promote cellular functions which are required in damaged myocardium regeneration 3,4 . Besides, these biomimetic scaffolds have required to hold appropriate persistent electrical conductivity and the potential to induce stable contractility as well as robust mechanical properties 5–7 . In general, the cellular microenvironment plays a vital role in the control and manipulation of cellular behaviors such as cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation and up‐regulation of specific tissue markers, as well as adequate integrity among cardiomyocytes to guide the formation of well‐ordered sarcomeric structures and even better synchronous contraction properties 8–10 …”

“…3,4 Besides, these biomimetic scaffolds have required to hold appropriate persistent electrical conductivity and the potential to induce stable contractility as well as robust mechanical properties. [5][6][7] In general, the cellular microenvironment plays a vital role in the control and manipulation of cellular behaviors such as cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation and up-regulation of specific tissue markers, as well as adequate integrity among cardiomyocytes to guide the formation of well-ordered sarcomeric structures and even better synchronous contraction properties. [8][9][10] Among biomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as promising nanomaterials applied for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.…”