Gold in the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula during the 3rd Millennium BC

Nocete, Francisco; Sáez, Reinaldo; Bayona, Moisés Rodríguez; Nieto, José Miguel; Peramo, A.; López, Pedro Manuel Quesada; Gil-Ibarguchi, J.I.; Inácio, Nuno; García, Sebastián Moya; Rodríguez, Javier Caride

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.006

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In Portuguese samples from Santarém (sample 19) and Castro Marim (sample 18) and in three Andalusian samples (sample 8 from Patio das Banderas in Seville city centre, sample 12 from Italica and sample 16 from Orippo), small inclusions of gold are also found in the temper fraction whereas in two samples from Seville (samples 1 and 7), scattered Pb-rich grains are present. The detection of Au grains in Roman pottery from the Guadalquivir river valley region is not unexpected as gold can be present in alluvial placer deposits used as a pottery raw material source [11]. Pyrite, (FeS 2 ) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) grains were found only in samples from Santarém and Castro Marim.…”

Section: Ceramic Bodymentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In the study of Roman ceramics and pottery materials, microanalytical techniques combining chemical, microscopical and mineralogical analyses have proved very useful to shed light on raw material provenance and production technology [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Due to their widespread and ubiquitous distribution across the entire geographical width of the Roman influenced territories, amphorae fragments have received the most attention by researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Losanga” decorated imitations of italic late republican black gloss tableware from South-Western Iberia: A multi-analytical/microchemical characterization

Schiavon

Sorìa

Arruda

et al. 2016

Microchemical Journal

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The micro-chemical/mineralogical composition of samples of grey-paste imitations of Italic Late Republican black gloss tableware displaying a particular kind of lozenge-shaped decoration ("Losanga pottery") from Portuguese and Spanish archaeological sites in SW Iberia has been analysed by BSEM + EDS, μXRD, Powder XRD, Portable XRF and μRaman spectroscopy. "Losanga" decorated ceramics have been found throughout the Western Mediterranean. Most of the sherds display a green-brown to greyish-black engobe at the surface resembling the gloss found in Attic pottery from Classical Greece. The overall chemical, mineralogical and fossiliferous homogeneities of the ceramic paste show common features (low K-feldspar/plagioclase ratio, high Ca content, abundance of well-preserved fragments of foraminifera microfossils) that indicate low firing conditions in the kiln ranging from 650 to 900°C. With respect to the ceramic body, analytical results confirm an enrichment in the surface gloss layer of iron, potassium and aluminium and a depletion in silicon and calcium; the very fine grain size of the surface coating suggests elutriation of iron oxide-rich clays as confirmed by the presence of magnetite, maghemite and goethite in μ-XRD scan. Chemical and mineralogical data also suggest that the firing process was performed in a 600-850°C temperature range, adopting the well-known technique of alternating oxidizing and reducing firing conditions largely employed at the time. The analytical results, while compatible with the archaeological hypothesis of a common provenance of the raw materials for pottery production from the Guadalquivir valley workshops cannot be considered conclusive due to the similarity in the geological substrate in the two SW Iberian regions under study.

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Section: Ceramic Bodymentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Losanga” decorated imitations of italic late republican black gloss tableware from South-Western Iberia: A multi-analytical/microchemical characterization

Schiavon

Sorìa

Arruda

et al. 2016

Microchemical Journal

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“…(2) Other recent publications use the "direct chronology" concept to refer to dates obtained in samples from depositional contexts containing pieces of gold, but not physically linked to the objects themselves (Nocete et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dating Iron Age goldwork: First direct AMS <sup>14</sup>C results from Northwestern Iberia

Armada¹,

García-Vuelta²

2015

Trab. prehist.

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1 2This article presents the first direct radiocarbon dates for NW Iberian "Castro culture" goldwork. Three samples were taken from a melting mass and a plano-convex ingot from the so-called Recouso (Oroso, A Coruña) and Calvos de Randín (Ourense) "hoards". The study includes pXRF analysis of the pieces from both assemblages. Identification of charcoal samples allowed us to better evaluate the results. The dates point to a period late in the Second Iron Age for both assemblages. They are the first direct chronological references for this rich goldworking tradition after more than a hundred years of investigation and they open up a line of research that offers interesting future prospects. RESUMEN

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“…Sulfide oxidation led to natural Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) over millions of years, and intensive mining since 4500 years ago (Nocete et al, 2014) provoked Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) enhancing the extreme acidic conditions of the river systems. Over prolonged time span a unique microbiochemical environment was created, and iron oxyhydroxides and oxyhydroxysulfates precipitated forming terrace-like iron formations i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman identification of Fe precipitates and evaluation of As fate during phase transformation in Tinto and Odiel River Basins

et al. 2015

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Gold in the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula during the 3rd Millennium BC

Cited by 43 publications

References 34 publications

“Losanga” decorated imitations of italic late republican black gloss tableware from South-Western Iberia: A multi-analytical/microchemical characterization

“Losanga” decorated imitations of italic late republican black gloss tableware from South-Western Iberia: A multi-analytical/microchemical characterization

Dating Iron Age goldwork: First direct AMS <sup>14</sup>C results from Northwestern Iberia

Raman identification of Fe precipitates and evaluation of As fate during phase transformation in Tinto and Odiel River Basins

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