Gold Coplanar Waveguide Resonator Integrated With a Microfluidic Channel for Aqueous Dielectric Detection

Mohammadi, Sevda; Wiltshire, Benjamin D.; Jain, Mandeep Chhajer; Nadaraja, Anupama Vijaya; Clements, Aaron; Golovin, Kevin; Roberts, Deborah J.; Johnson, Thomas; Foulds, Ian G.; Zarifi, Mohammad H.

doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.2991349

Cited by 55 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Microwave sensing technology has recently been adopted in a myriad of applications including ice sensing 24,25 , liquid and gas sensing [26][27][28][29] , dielectric spectroscopy [30][31][32] , monitoring cancer 33,34 , detection of glucose and electrolyte level in aqueous solutions 35,36 , and recently in clinical microbiology practices [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] . Microwave resonators have recently shown to be highly sensitive in sensing and monitoring bacteria 39,40,46,47 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and real-time monitoring of bacterial growth against antibiotics in solid growth medium using a contactless planar microwave resonator sensor

Jain

Nadaraja

Narang

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Infection diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are pertinent clinical microbiology practices that are in dire need of improvement, due to the inadequacy of current standards in early detection of bacterial response to antibiotics and affordability of contemporarily used methods. This paper presents a novel way to conduct AST which hybridizes disk diffusion AST with microwave resonators for rapid, contactless, and non-invasive sensing and monitoring. In this research, the effect of antibiotic (erythromycin) concentrations on test bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli) cultured on solid agar medium (MH agar) are monitored through employing a microwave split-ring resonator. A one-port microwave resonator operating at a 1.76 GHz resonant frequency, featuring a 5 mm2 sensitive sensing region, was designed and optimized to perform this. Upon introducing uninhibited growth of the bacteria, the sensor measured 0.005 dB/hr, with a maximum change of 0.07 dB over the course of 15 hours. The amplitude change decreased to negligible values to signify inhibited growth of the bacteria at higher concentrations of antibiotics, such as a change of 0.005 dB in resonant amplitude variation while using 45 µg of antibiotic. Moreover, this sensor demonstrated decisive results of antibiotic susceptibility in under 6 hours and shows great promise to expand automation to the intricate AST workflow in clinical settings, while providing rapid, sensitive, and non-invasive detection capabilities.

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confidence: 99%

Rapid and real-time monitoring of bacterial growth against antibiotics in solid growth medium using a contactless planar microwave resonator sensor

Jain

Nadaraja

Narang

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…As with microwave gas sensing [ 57 ], important features such as selectivity, sensitivity and long-term stability are not yet satisfactorily reported for water quality contaminants in water samples. Mostly, researchers worldwide have demonstrated the differentiation between laboratory-prepared liquid samples (mostly % mixtures water/alcohol) due to permittivity variations and consequent frequency shift, combining simulations and experiments at room temperature and obtaining selectivity in separated samples [ 105 , 106 , 107 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Sensors for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Metals in Polluted Water

Frau

Wylie

Byrne

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Thousands of pollutants are threatening our water supply, putting at risk human and environmental health. Between them, trace metals are of significant concern, due to their high toxicity at low concentrations. Abandoned mining areas are globally one of the major sources of toxic metals. Nowadays, no method can guarantee an immediate response for quantifying these pollutants. In this work, a novel technique based on microwave spectroscopy and planar sensors for in situ real-time monitoring of water quality is described. The sensors were developed to directly probe water samples, and in situ trial measurements were performed in freshwater in four polluted mining areas in the UK. Planar microwave sensors were able detect the water pollution level with an immediate response specifically depicted at three resonant peaks in the GHz range. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first time that planar microwave sensors were tested in situ, demonstrating the ability to use this method for classifying more and less polluted water using a multiple-peak approach.

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“…2 (note that the step-impedance discontinuities are considered to be ideal, i.e., not modelled by any equivalent circuit model). Other CPW sensors based on terminated CPWs are reported in [59], [60], whereas [61] reports a CSRR-loaded CPW transmission mode sensor, but devoted to the measurements of rotation and proximity.…”

Section: The Proposed Ocsrr-based Reflective-mode Phase-variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensor Based on a Coplanar Waveguide Terminated With an Open Complementary Split Ring Resonator (OCSRR)

Muñoz-Enano

Vélez

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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This paper presents a one-port reflective-mode phase-variation microwave sensor consisting of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line terminated with a grounded open complementary split ring resonator (OCSRR). The sensor is useful for measuring the dielectric constant of the so-called material under test (MUT), which should be placed in contact with the OCSRR, the sensitive element. The output variable is the phase of the reflection coefficient. Design guidelines for the implementation of highly sensitive sensors are derived in the paper, and validated through simulation and experiment. As compared to other reflectivemode phase-variation sensors based on open-ended sensing lines, the designed and fabricated devices exhibit a very small sensitive region by virtue of the use of an electrically small resonant element, the OCSRR. The relevant figure of merit, defined as the ratio between the maximum sensitivity and the size of the sensing area (expressed in terms of the squared wavelength), is as high as FoM = 5643 • /λ 2 in one of the reported prototypes. Moreover, the paper analyzes the effects of losses. From this study, it is concluded that MUT losses do not significantly affect the output variable, provided losses are small. It is also demonstrated that the sensor is useful to estimate the loss tangent of the considered MUT samples.

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Gold Coplanar Waveguide Resonator Integrated With a Microfluidic Channel for Aqueous Dielectric Detection

Cited by 55 publications

References 50 publications

Rapid and real-time monitoring of bacterial growth against antibiotics in solid growth medium using a contactless planar microwave resonator sensor

Rapid and real-time monitoring of bacterial growth against antibiotics in solid growth medium using a contactless planar microwave resonator sensor

Microwave Sensors for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Metals in Polluted Water

Highly Sensitive Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensor Based on a Coplanar Waveguide Terminated With an Open Complementary Split Ring Resonator (OCSRR)

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