Going Nonlinear

Baylis, Charles; Marks, Robert J.; Martin, Josh; Miller, Hunter; Moldovan, Matthew

doi:10.1109/mmm.2010.940102

Cited by 48 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The range of the bias points in the measurement covers the breakdown and saturation regions from V GS = 0.6 to 1.2 V and V DS = 1.6 to 2.8 V. Output impedance under large-signal drive which is important to output matching for power amplifier designs is first derived based on X-parameters and applied to MOSFET analysis. In X-parameters, the total output scattering wave including the conjugate contribution can be expressed as [12] …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-signal output characteristic investigation of the MOSFETs in the breakdown region based on X-parameters

Lee

Lin

2015

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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In this paper, large-signal output characteristics of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors in the breakdown region are investigated using X-parameter measurements for the first time. Magnitude of X T 2121 coefficients can be larger than the result of X s 2121 coefficients at high input power as drain voltage increases to the breakdown region. The output impedance X z 2121 under large-signal drive incorporating with the X s 2121 and X T 2121 coefficients is derived and then employed to investigate output matching in the breakdown region and at high input power, which is significant for power amplifier designs. Compared with the conventional hot-Z 2121 without X T 2121 coefficients considered, X z 2121 can be more accurate for the output impedance characterization. The presented analysis based on the X-parameters can be beneficial to output matching at high input power for power amplifier designs in the breakdown region.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-signal output characteristic investigation of the MOSFETs in the breakdown region based on X-parameters

Lee

Lin

2015

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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“…The periodicity preservation (PP) class of generally nonlinear systems [5] has the property that periodic stimulation will result in a periodic response with the same period, ܶ and fundamental frequency ݂ ൌ ͳȀܶ. Temporally, the PP system is represented by the operator त with the constraint that the stimulus and response in (1) , which fill the Jacobian matrix, can be estimated by placing small tickle tones a bit off-frequency from each harmonic.…”

Section: ‫ݒ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ त ሼ݅ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻሽǥ ሺͳሻmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, for some range of ݊ and ݉, a single experiment suffices to measure where ݅ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ has a Fourier series in (5). The perturbation, ǻ݅ሺ߬ሻǡ is assumed to be a trigonometric polynomial with fundamental frequency ݂ ǻ݂ǡ ݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ…”

Section: Multiplexing Off-frequency Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors of this paper recently have written a survey paper on nonlinear network parameters that briefly describes measurement options from a practical stance [5]. Two options exist for the tickle-tone measurements: (1) onfrequency tickle tones, where the perturbation is added at the same frequency as the desired stimulus harmonic and (2) offfrequency tickle tones [6], where the perturbation is added at a slightly offset frequency from the appropriate fundamental or harmonic.…”

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Frequency multiplexing tickle tones to determine harmonic coupling weights in nonlinear systems

Baylis

Marks

2011

78th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference

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Obtaining the Jacobian parameters for a nonlinear system, such as in X-parameter or S-function measurement, requires excitation of tickle tones either on or slightly off of the main harmonic frequencies. Traditional off-frequency measurements involve simultaneous excitation with tickle tones both slightly above and/or below a single harmonic frequency at a time. This paper describes a multiplexing technique for the excitation of the system with perturbations at all harmonics simultaneously. This technique requires both frequency and cross-frequency noninterference for successful results from the measurements. If these conditions exist for the nonlinear system, the off-frequency multiplexing technique for tickle tones can reduce the measurements necessary to find the Jacobian matrices by a factor equal to the number of harmonics considered in the polyharmonic distortion. These methods provide exact results for memoryless polynomial nonlinearities.In making nonlinear network parameter measurements, such as the X-parameters 1 [1] and the S-functions [2-4], it is necessary to apply a large-signal "operating" condition, followed by small perturbations to this condition known as "tickle" tones. The authors of this paper recently have written a survey paper on nonlinear network parameters that briefly describes measurement options from a practical stance [5]. Two options exist for the tickle-tone measurements: (1) onfrequency tickle tones, where the perturbation is added at the same frequency as the desired stimulus harmonic and (2) offfrequency tickle tones [6], where the perturbation is added at a slightly offset frequency from the appropriate fundamental or harmonic. The excitation approaches have been significantly considered by Betts in recent publication [7]. While a significant percentage of modern nonlinear network analyzers use the on-frequency method, an advantage of the offfrequency method is that the results of the tickle-tone perturbations can be isolated away from large signals overlapping in frequency.This paper demonstrates that the off-frequency technique can be extended to allow simultaneous application of 1 X-parameters is a registered trademark of Agilent Technologies. perturbations at multiple harmonics, a technique herein labeled frequency multiplexing of tickle tones. This can significantly reduce the number of measurement iterations necessary to fully determine the matrix of nonlinear network parameters.We examine the frequency multiplexing approach for periodicity preservation (PP) systems approach in finding the derivatives composing the system Jacobian in the Fourier series coefficient domain.The PP and time-invariant periodicity preservation (TIPP) systems have been introduced in a recently authored paper in process of publication [8], and the limitations of use on some nonlinear systems examined quantitatively in [9]. This theory forms the foundation for experimental nonlinear network analysis.A basic discussion of the system theory describing the context of this measurement is useful. A mor...

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“…In the sense parameters can be viewed as consisting of two Thevinin circuits coupled with dependent voltage sources [47], the single port characterization can be extended straightforwardly to two or more ports [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Perturbation Harmonic Coupling in Nonlinear Periodicity Preservation Circuits

Baylis

Marks

2012

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I

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Nonlinear systems and circuits, while required for many applications, presently require a design procedure that is often complex. In many cases, the design process is either based upon measurements or complex nonlinear models. This paper presents periodicity preservation (PP) and time invariant PP (TIPP) system theory as a simple way to characterize behavior for a significant class of nonlinear systems. PP systems preserve signal periodicity and are conducive to modeling harmonic coupling. When linearized to small perturbations, the harmonic coupling is described by the Jacobian about the operating point. The harmonic coupling weights, which are elements of the Jacobian, can be measured experimentally. For some TIPP systems such as LTI systems and memoryless nonlinearities, a single experiment suffices to determine the harmonic coupling weights. Other PP systems, including mixing and linear time variant systems, require more experimental queries. TIPP system theory is foundational to the theory of X-parameters®, S-functions and polyharmonic distortion.

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Going Nonlinear

Cited by 48 publications

References 11 publications

Large-signal output characteristic investigation of the MOSFETs in the breakdown region based on X-parameters

Large-signal output characteristic investigation of the MOSFETs in the breakdown region based on X-parameters

Frequency multiplexing tickle tones to determine harmonic coupling weights in nonlinear systems

Small Perturbation Harmonic Coupling in Nonlinear Periodicity Preservation Circuits

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