God's Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period 1200-1550

Algar, Hamid; Karamustafa, Ahmet T.

doi:10.2307/605655

Cited by 16 publications

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“…59 According to Ahmad Karamustafa, within the spiritual coordinates or certain forms of mysticism, such as the qalandariyah, the intentional removal of facial hair was meant to court social disapproval and blame, as "loss of hair 55 symbolized loss of honor and social status." 60 The Qalandar shaving of the hair, beard, mustache, and eyebrows was known as the "four blows" (chāhār żarb), which contravened the Prophetic tradition of long mustaches and beards. 61 Qalandars also viewed gazing upon the face of a beardless youth as a reminder of God's beauty, as the face was unobstructed by hair.…”

Section: Removing Men's Facial Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair and Hat Ritual Shaming Punishments in Nineteenth-Century Iran

Vejdani

2023

Iran. stud.

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This article considers three temporary and reversible penal shaming acts in nineteenth-century Iran: the shaving or cutting of hair, irrespective of gender; the shaving or cutting of men's facial hair; and the forcible removal of headgear or the coerced wearing of silly headgear. Drawing on anthropological, historical, and sociological studies of hair, this study argues that hair and hat punishments embodied elements of ritual, sexuality, social control, and marginalization. In order to understand the meaning of these penal acts, the article looks at general taboos around hair and head exposure alongside licit and voluntary forms of cutting or shaving hair. Illicit sex, heresy, and alcohol consumption were recurring moral crimes most often associated with such forms of humiliating punishment. Since restoration of honor was not the sole prerogative of the government, these punishments were often carried out by those acting on behalf of a religious authority or individually and collectively by ordinary subjects outraged by a moral violation.

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Section: Removing Men's Facial Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair and Hat Ritual Shaming Punishments in Nineteenth-Century Iran

Vejdani

2023

Iran. stud.

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Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran

Manz

2007

139

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Beatrice Forbes Manz uses the history of Iran under the Timurid ruler Shahrukh (1409–1447) to analyse the relationship between government and society in the medieval Middle East. She provides a rich portrait of Iranian society over an exceptionally broad spectrum - the dynasty and its servitors, city elite and provincial rulers, and the religious classes, both ulama' and Sufi. The work addresses two issues central to pre-modern Middle Eastern history: how a government without the monopoly of force controlled a heterogeneous society, and how a society with diffuse power structures remained stable over long periods. Written for an audience of students as well as scholars, this book provides a broad analysis of political dynamics in late medieval Iran and challenges much received wisdom about civil and military power, the relationship of government to society, and the interaction of religious figures with the ruling class.

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The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788

Winter

2010

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The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule provides an original perspective on the history of the Shiites as a constituent of Lebanese society. Winter presents a history of the community before the 19th century, based primarily on Ottoman Turkish documents. From these, he examines how local Shiites were well integrated in the Ottoman system of rule, and that Lebanon as an autonomous entity only developed in the course of the 18th century through the marginalization and then violent elimination of the indigenous Shiite leaderships by an increasingly powerful Druze-Maronite emirate. As such the book recovers the Ottoman-era history of a group which has always been neglected in chronicle-based works, and in doing so, fundamentally calls into question the historic place within 'Lebanon' of what has today become the country's largest and most activist sectarian community.

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God's Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period 1200-1550

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Hair and Hat Ritual Shaming Punishments in Nineteenth-Century Iran

Hair and Hat Ritual Shaming Punishments in Nineteenth-Century Iran

Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran

The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788

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