Goats’ milk as a natural source of lactose-derived oligosaccharides: Isolation by membrane technology

Martinez-Ferez, A.; Rudloff, Silvia; Guadix, Antonio; Henkel, Cordula A.; Pohlentz, Gottfried; Bozá, J.; Guadix, Emilia M.; Kunz, Clemens

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.02.003

Cited by 183 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Levels in ruminant milks are low [23], whereas primate milks typically contain more and more diverse oligosaccharides [24], as do elephants [25]. Nonetheless, there does not seem to be any clear indication of their functional importance that can be deduced from phylogenetic comparisons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Milk Oligosaccharides using Solid-Phase Extraction

Ward¹

2009

TOGLYJ

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Abstract:A method was developed to isolate mono-and disaccharide-free oligosaccharides from human and bovine milk using a combination of enzymatic digestion of lactose and solid-phase extraction. In the initial trial, 2.5 g of oligosaccharides were isolated from one liter of human milk. In subsequent trials this was increased to over 5 g of oligosaccharides per liter. Compared to filtration-based extraction methods, this procedure allows for further isolation of oligosaccharide fractions via modulation of the column rinsing solvent. Neutral monosaccharide composition of the oligosaccharide polymers was investigated using gas chromatographic analysis of the monosaccharides as alditol acetate derivatives. Results indicate oligosaccharides are approximately made up of 24% fucose, 41% galactose, 22% glucose and 13% glucosamine. Isolated bovine and human milk oligosaccharides were compared to lactose as fermentation substrates for Bifidobacterium longum biovar infantis. Lactose fermentation yielded the greatest production of biomass followed by bovine and human milk oligosaccharides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Milk Oligosaccharides using Solid-Phase Extraction

Ward¹

2009

TOGLYJ

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“…Cow's milk contains only trace amounts of oligosaccharides (0.03-0.06 g/L), mostly sialylated derivatives, whilst the content of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides (AOS) in goat milk is four to five times higher than in cow's milk (Martinez-Ferez et al, 2006).…”

Section: Non-digestible (Non-glycaemic) Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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“…Increased concentrations of HMOs in breast milk have been associated with decreased HIV transmission during breastfeeding (11). In addition, in comparison to the milks of the other species evaluated here, including RM, the oligosaccharides present in human breast milk are more abundant and diverse (32,36,40,41). Furthermore, HMOs are not affected by Holder pasteurization and are present in the skim fraction of breast milk (38).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Breast Milk of HIV-Positive Mothers Has Potent and Species-Specific In Vivo HIV-Inhibitory Activity

Wahl

Baker

Spagnuolo

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Despite the nutritional and health benefits of breast milk, breast milk can serve as a vector for mother-to-child HIV transmission. Most HIV-infected infants acquire HIV through breastfeeding. Paradoxically, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not become infected. This is potentially attributed to anti-HIV factors in breast milk. Breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. However, the HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk from HIV-positive mothers has not been evaluated. In addition, while significant differences in breast milk composition between transmitting and nontransmitting HIVpositive mothers have been correlated with transmission risk, the HIV-inhibitory activity of their breast milk has not been compared. This knowledge may significantly impact the design of prevention approaches in resource-limited settings that do not deny infants of HIV-positive women the health benefits of breast milk. Here, we utilized bone marrow/liver/thymus humanized mice to evaluate the in vivo HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk obtained from HIV-positive transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. We also assessed the species specificity and biochemical characteristics of milk's in vivo HIV-inhibitory activity and its ability to inhibit other modes of HIV infection. Our results demonstrate that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers has potent HIV-inhibitory activity and indicate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of infection. Most importantly, this activity is unique to human milk. Our results also suggest multiple factors in breast milk may contribute to its HIV-inhibitory activity. Collectively, our results support current recommendations that HIV-positive mothers in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with antiretroviral therapy. IMPORTANCEApproximately 240,000 children become infected with HIV annually, the majority via breastfeeding. Despite daily exposure to virus in breast milk, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not acquire HIV. The low risk of breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission is likely due to antiviral factors in breast milk. It is well documented that breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers (nontransmitters and transmitters) inhibits HIV transmission. We also demonstrate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of HIV acquisition and that this activity is unique to human milk. Collectively, our results support current guidelines which recommend that HIV-positive women in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with infant or maternal antiretroviral therapy. Breast milk provides newborn infants with all of their daily nutritional and fluid requirements. It is also a rich source of hormones, antimicrobial factors, and immune components that decrease the susceptibility of breastfed infants to infectious diseases (1). For these reasons, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that mothe...

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Goats’ milk as a natural source of lactose-derived oligosaccharides: Isolation by membrane technology

Cited by 183 publications

References 29 publications

Isolation of Milk Oligosaccharides using Solid-Phase Extraction

Isolation of Milk Oligosaccharides using Solid-Phase Extraction

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Breast Milk of HIV-Positive Mothers Has Potent and Species-Specific In Vivo HIV-Inhibitory Activity

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