Goats and sheep as sentinels for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus – Epidemiological studies in areas endemic and non-endemic for TBE virus in Germany

Klaus, Christine; Beer, Martin; Saier, Regine; Schau, Ute; Moog, Udo; Diller, Roland; Süß, Jochen

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.09.011

Cited by 76 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Examining TBEV reservoirs, such as mice, goats, and sheep, which can function as sentinels, and returning to explore the natural foci described in 1992 may generate results that would serve as a useful addition to the present data [29]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Habitats in North East Germany: Reemergence of TBEV in Ticks after 15 Years of Inactivity

Frimmel

Krienke

Riebold

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis has risen in Europe since 1990 and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) has been documented to be spreading into regions where it was not previously endemic. In Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, a federal state in Northern Germany, TBEV was not detectable in over 16,000 collected ticks between 1992 and 2004. Until 2004, the last human case of TBE in the region was reported in 1985. Following the occurrence of three autochthonous human cases of TBE after 2004, however, we collected ticks from the areas in which the infections were contracted. To increase the chance of detecting TBEV-RNA, some of the ticks were fed on mice. Using nested RT-PCR, we were able to confirm the presence of TBEV in ticks for the first time after 15 years. A phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the sequences we obtained and a TBEV sequence from Mecklenburg-East Pomerania published in 1992 and pointed to the reemergence of a natural focus of TBEV after years of low activity. Our results imply that natural foci of TBEV may either persist at low levels of activity for years or reemerge through the agency of migrating birds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Habitats in North East Germany: Reemergence of TBEV in Ticks after 15 Years of Inactivity

Frimmel

Krienke

Riebold

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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“…Although the sera did not come from the same individual animals, the datasets were compared to the sero-prevalence results exhibited by the same flocks in 2006 and 2009 [11]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore seroconversion without specific clinical signs of TBE has been described in some animal species such as cattle and small ruminants [11,19,20]. Clinical cases of TBE in ruminants are very seldom; one case of a mouflon ( Ovis ammon musimon ) for example has been reported from Austria [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) – findings on cross reactivity and longevity of TBEV antibodies in animal sera

et al. 2014

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BackgroundBy using animal sera as sentinels, natural TBEV foci could be identified and further analyses including investigations of ticks could be initiated. However, antibody response against TBEV-related flaviviruses might adversely affect the readout of such a monitoring. Therefore, the cross-reactivity of the applied TBEV serology test systems – enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT) – as well as the longevity of TBEV antibody titres in sheep and goats were investigated in this study.ResultsCross-reactivity of the TBEV antibody test systems with defined antibody-positive samples against selected members of the Flaviviridae family (e.g. Louping ill virus, West Nile virus) was observed for Louping-ill-positive sera only. In contrast, the commercial West Nile virus (WNV) competitive ELISA showed a high level of cross-reactivity with TBEV-specific positive sera.To assess the longevity of TBEV antibody titres, sera from two sheep and two goats, which had been immunized four times with a commercially available TBEV vaccine, were tested routinely over 28 months. In three of the four animals, TBEV-specific antibody titres could be detected over the whole test period.In addition, sera from the years 2010 and 2011 were collected in flocks in different villages of Baden-Württemberg and Thuringia to allow re-examination two to four years after the initial analysis. Interestingly, in most cases the results of the former investigations were confirmed, which may be caused by steadily existing natural TBEV foci.ConclusionCross-reactivity must be taken into consideration, particularly for TBEV serology in regions with a prevalence of Louping ill virus and for serological testing of WNV by cross-reactive ELISAs. Furthermore, over-interpretation of single TBEV-positive serological results should be avoided, especially in areas without a TBEV history.

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“…These animals may also develop an antibody response after infection with TBE virus without showing clinical signs and thus are a source of TBE virus among humans who consume nonpasteurized milk and milk products, which makes them valuable sentinels for the identification of TBE risk areas ( 5 ). …”

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confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Sheep, Romania

Salát¹,

Mihalca²,

Mihaiu³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Goats and sheep as sentinels for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus – Epidemiological studies in areas endemic and non-endemic for TBE virus in Germany

Cited by 76 publications

References 20 publications

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Habitats in North East Germany: Reemergence of TBEV in Ticks after 15 Years of Inactivity

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Habitats in North East Germany: Reemergence of TBEV in Ticks after 15 Years of Inactivity

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) – findings on cross reactivity and longevity of TBEV antibodies in animal sera

Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Sheep, Romania

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