GOALS: The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey

Armus, L.; Mazzarella, J. M.; Evans, A. S.; Surace, J.; Sanders, D. B.; Iwasawa, K.; Frayer, David; Howell, Justin; Chan, Ben; Petric, Andreea; Vavilkin, T.; Kim, D. C.; Haan, S.; Inami, Hanae; Murphy, E. J.; Appleton, P. N.; Barnes, Joshua E.; Bothun, G. D.; Bridge, Carrie; Charmandaris, V.; Jensen, Joseph B.; Kewley, Lisa J.; Lord, S. D.; Madore, B. F.; Marshall, J. A.; Melbourne, J.; Rich, Jeffrey A.; Satyapal, S.; Schulz, B.; Spoon, H. W. W.; Sturm, E.; Veilleux, Sylvain; Xu, Kevin

doi:10.1086/600092

Cited by 342 publications

(300 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…These systems are also a subset of the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al 2009), for which multiwavelength data are available.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 33 GHz Survey of Local Major Mergers: Estimating the Sizes of the Energetically Dominant Regions from High-resolution Measurements of the Radio Continuum

Barcos-Muñoz

Leroy

Evans

et al. 2017

ApJ

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We present Very Large Array observations of the 33 GHz radio continuum emission from 22 local ultraluminous and luminous infrared (IR) galaxies (U/LIRGs). These observations have spatial (angular) resolutions of 30-720pc (0 07-0 67) in a part of the spectrum that is likely to be optically thin. This allows us to estimate the size of the energetically dominant regions. We find half-light radii from 30pc to 1.7kpc. The 33 GHz flux density correlates well with the IR emission, and we take these sizes as indicative of the size of the region that produces most of the energy. Combining our 33 GHz sizes with unresolved measurements, we estimate the IR luminosity and star formation rate per area and the molecular gas surface and volume densities. These quantities span a wide range (4 dex) and include some of the highest values measured for any galaxy (e.g.,  -). Consistent with previous work, contrasting these data with observations of normal disk galaxies suggests a nonlinear and likely multivalued relation between star formation rate and molecular gas surface density, though this result depends on the adopted CO-to-H 2 conversion factor and the assumption that our 33 GHz sizes apply to the gas. Eleven sources appear to exceed the luminosity surface density predicted for starbursts supported by radiation pressure and supernova feedback; however, we note the need for more detailed observations of the inner disk structure. U/LIRGs with higher surface brightness exhibit stronger [C II] 158 μm deficits, consistent with the suggestion that high energy densities drive this phenomenon.

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“…These systems are also a subset of the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al 2009), for which multiwavelength data are available.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 33 GHz Survey of Local Major Mergers: Estimating the Sizes of the Energetically Dominant Regions from High-resolution Measurements of the Radio Continuum

Barcos-Muñoz

Leroy

Evans

et al. 2017

ApJ

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“…Figure 3 shows the distributions of s 9.7 μm , MIR slope, and EQW 6.2 μm as a function of IR luminosity, L IR . The IR luminosities for all 202 U/LIRG systems were presented in Armus et al (2009) and derived using the definitions of Sanders & Mirabel (1996). 23 In cases of multiple nuclei, the total L IR for the system is divided according to the ratio of the fluxes at 70 μm for each nuclei.…”

Section: Lirg Versus Ulirg Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS; Armus et al 2009) represents a complete subset of the RBGS comprising 180 LIRGs and 22 ULIRGs and aims to provide a multiwavelength understanding of the formation and evolution of local LIRGs as a class of galaxy. As part of the Spitzer Legacy survey, a complete set of IR imaging (Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) at 3.6, 4.5, 5, and 8 μm, and Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) at 24, 70, and 160 μm) and IR spectroscopy at both high and low resolution (Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) from 5 to 38 μm) is available for the entire sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MID-INFRARED PROPERTIES OF NEARBY LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES. I. SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH SPECTRA FOR THE GOALS SAMPLE

Stierwalt

Armus

Surace

et al. 2013

ApJS

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189

392

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The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) is a comprehensive, multiwavelength study of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) in the local universe. Here we present low resolution Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectra covering 5-38 μm and provide a basic analysis of the mid-IR spectral properties observed for nearby LIRGs. In a companion paper, we discuss detailed fits to the spectra and compare the LIRGs to other classes of galaxies. The GOALS sample of 244 nuclei in 180 luminous (10 11 L IR /L < 10 12 ) and 22 ultraluminous (L IR /L 10 12 ) IR galaxies represents a complete subset of the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample and covers a range of merger stages, morphologies, and spectral types. The majority (>60%) of the GOALS LIRGs have high 6.2 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) equivalent widths (EQW 6.2 μm > 0.4 μm) and low levels of silicate absorption (s 9.7 μm > −1.0). There is a general trend among the U/LIRGs for both silicate depth and mid-infrared (MIR) slope to increase with increasing L IR . U/LIRGs in the late to final stages of a merger also have, on average, steeper MIR slopes and higher levels of dust obscuration. Together, these trends suggest that as gas and dust is funneled toward the center of a coalescing merger, the nuclei become more compact and more obscured. As a result, the dust temperature increases also leading to a steeper MIR slope. The sources that depart from these correlations have very low PAH equivalent width (EQW 6.2 μm < 0.1 μm) consistent with their emission being dominated by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the MIR. These extremely low PAH EQW sources separate into two distinct types: relatively unobscured sources with a very hot dust component (and thus very shallow MIR slopes) and heavily dust obscured nuclei with a steep temperature gradient. The most heavily dust obscured sources are also the most compact in their MIR emission, suggesting that the obscuring (cool) dust is associated with the outer regions of the starburst and not simply a measure of the dust along the line of sight through a large, dusty disk. A marked decline is seen for the fraction of high EQW (star formation dominated) sources as the merger progresses. The decline is accompanied by an increase in the fraction of composite sources while the fraction of sources where an AGN dominates the MIR emission remains low. When compared to the MIR spectra of submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z ∼ 2, both the average GOALS LIRG and ULIRG spectra are more absorbed at 9.7 μm and the average GOALS LIRG has more PAH emission. However, when the AGN contributions to both the local GOALS LIRGs and the high-z SMGs are removed, the average local starbursting LIRG closely resembles the starburst-dominated SMGs.

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“…In order to test the robustness of this classification scheme at high redshift, we have artificially redshifted the 88 (U)LIRGs in the GOALS sample (Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey: Armus et al 2009) with HST/ACS images out to redshifts 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 using the code FERENGI (Barden et al 2008). We then classified each of the GOALS sources using the same classification scheme at each redshift and compared the results.…”

Section: Groups (G)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF A SAMPLE OF 70 μm SELECTED GALAXIES IN THE COSMOS FIELD. II. THE ROLE OF MERGERS IN GALAXY EVOLUTION

Kartaltepe

Sanders

Floc’h

et al. 2010

ApJ

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140

136

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We analyze the morphological properties of a large sample of 1503 70 μm selected galaxies in the COSMOS field spanning the redshift range 0.01 < z < 3.5 with a median redshift of 0.5 and an infrared luminosity range of 10 8 < L IR (8 − 1000 μm) < 10 14 L with a median luminosity of 10 11.4 L . In general, these galaxies are massive, with a stellar mass range of 10 10 -10 12 M , and luminous, with −25 < M K < −20. We find a strong correlation between the fraction of major mergers and L IR , with the fraction at the highest luminosity (L IR > 10 12 L ) being up to ∼50%. We also find that the fraction of spirals drops dramatically with L IR . Minor mergers likely play a role in boosting the infrared luminosity for sources with low luminosities (L IR < 10 11.5 L ). The precise fraction of mergers in any given L IR bin varies by redshift due to sources at z > 1 being difficult to classify and subject to the effects of bandpass shifting; therefore, these numbers can only be considered lower limits. At z < 1, where the morphological classifications are most robust, major mergers clearly dominate the ULIRG population (∼50%-80%) and are important for the LIRG population (∼25%-40%). At z > 1, the fraction of major mergers is lower, but is at least 30%-40% for ULIRGs. In a comparison of our visual classifications with several automated classification techniques we find general agreement; however, the fraction of identified mergers is underestimated due to automated classification methods being sensitive to only certain timescales of a major merger. Although the general morphological trends agree with what has been observed for local (U)LIRGs, the fraction of major mergers is slightly lower than seen locally. This is in part due to the difficulty of identifying merger signatures at high redshift. The distribution of the U − V color of the galaxies in our sample peaks in the green valley ( U − V = 1.1) with a large spread at bluer and redder colors and with the major mergers peaking more strongly in the green valley than the rest of the morphological classes. We argue that, given the number of major gas-rich mergers observed and the relatively short timescale that they would be observable in the (U)LIRG phase, it is plausible for the observed red sequence of massive ellipticals (<10 12 M ) to have been formed entirely by gas-rich major mergers.

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GOALS: The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey

Cited by 342 publications

References 87 publications

A 33 GHz Survey of Local Major Mergers: Estimating the Sizes of the Energetically Dominant Regions from High-resolution Measurements of the Radio Continuum

A 33 GHz Survey of Local Major Mergers: Estimating the Sizes of the Energetically Dominant Regions from High-resolution Measurements of the Radio Continuum

MID-INFRARED PROPERTIES OF NEARBY LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES. I. SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH SPECTRA FOR THE GOALS SAMPLE

A MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF A SAMPLE OF 70 μm SELECTED GALAXIES IN THE COSMOS FIELD. II. THE ROLE OF MERGERS IN GALAXY EVOLUTION

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