Go-activation endures following the presentation of a stop-signal: evidence from startle

Drummond, Neil M.; Cressman, Erin K.; Carlsen, Anthony N.

doi:10.1152/jn.00567.2016

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Since the original description of the StartReact effect by Valls-Solé et al (1995) , the method has achieved widespread use in human studies on fundamental physiology ( Dean and Baker, 2017 ; Drummond et al, 2017 ; Smith et al, 2019a ) and disease ( Valldeoriola et al, 1998 ; Baker and Perez, 2017 ; Choudhury et al, 2019 ; Sangari and Perez, 2019 ; Rahimi and Honeycutt, 2020 ). Many of these publications assumed that reaction time shortening by loud sound measures the extent of RST drive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement

et al. 2022

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Reaction time is accelerated if a loud (startling) sound accompanies the cue—the “StartReact” effect. Animal studies revealed a reticulospinal substrate for the startle reflex; StartReact may similarly involve the reticulospinal tract, but this is currently uncertain. Here we trained two female macaque monkeys to perform elbow flexion/extension movements following a visual cue. The cue was sometimes accompanied by a loud sound, generating a StartReact effect in electromyogram response latency, as seen in humans. Extracellular recordings were made from antidromically identified corticospinal neurons in primary motor cortex (M1), from the reticular formation (RF), and from the spinal cord (SC; C5–C8 segments). After loud sound, task-related activity was suppressed in M1 (latency, 70–200 ms after cue), but was initially enhanced (70–80 ms) and then suppressed (140–210 ms) in RF. SC activity was unchanged. In a computational model, we simulated a motoneuron pool receiving input from different proportions of the average M1 and RF activity recorded experimentally. Motoneuron firing generated simulated electromyogram, allowing reaction time measurements. Only if ≥60% of motoneuron drive came from RF (≤40% from M1) did loud sound shorten reaction time. The extent of shortening increased as more drive came from RF. If RF provided <60% of drive, loud sound lengthened the reaction time—the opposite of experimental findings. The majority of the drive for voluntary movements is thus likely to originate from the brainstem, not the cortex; changes in the magnitude of the StartReact effect can measure a shift in the relative importance of descending systems. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our results reveal that a loud sound has opposite effects on neural spiking in corticospinal cells from primary motor cortex, and in the reticular formation. We show that this fortuitously allows changes in reaction time produced by a loud sound to be used to assess the relative importance of reticulospinal versus corticospinal control of movement, validating previous noninvasive measurements in humans. Our findings suggest that the majority of the descending drive to motoneurons producing voluntary movement in primates comes from the reticulospinal tract, not the corticospinal tract.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement

et al. 2022

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“…Regarding the behavioral functionality, according to the race model, the Stop process should be ‘activated’ only in the Stop trials following the presentation of the Stop signal. However, increasing evidence 68, 69 suggests that the Stop process is also active in Go trials. Our results show, at least in the context of information exchange within the PMd, that such co-activation corresponds to a network organized in four classes of information modules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the race model, the Stop process should be ’activated’ only in the Stop trials following the presentation of the Stop signal. However, increasing evidence (Drummond, Cressman, & Carlsen, 2017; Dunovan, Lynch, Molesworth, & Verstynen, 2015) suggests that the Stop process is also active in Go trials. Our results show that such co-activation corresponds to information revolving around four clusters arranged in higher-order connectivity patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response inhibition in premotor cortex corresponds to a complex reshuffle of the mesoscopic information network

Bardella

Giarrocco

Andujar

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Despite recent works have investigated functional and effective cortical networks in animal models, the dynamical information transfer among functional modules underneath cognitive control is still largely unknown. Here we addressed the issue by using transfer entropy and graph theory methods on neural activities recorded from a multielectrode (96 recording sites) array in the dorsal premotor cortex of rhesus monkeys. We focused our analysis on the decision time of a stop-signal (countermanding) task. When comparing trials with successful inhibition to those with generated movement we found evidence of heterogeneous interacting modules described by 4 main classes, hierarchically organized. Interestingly, the hierarchical organization resulted different in the two type of trials. Our results suggest that motor decisions are based on the local re-organization of the premotor cortical network

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“…In similar studies, the effect of other variables was analyzed, which include the individual differences (9,22,(24)(25)(26) and neurodevelopmental disabilities (27), which produce different results. In a review of how these results emerge, motor complexity can be mentioned as the most important one (15,28,29). In some studies that were performed later based on re-analysis of the confirming studies like Henry and Harrison's one, it was determined that this subject has complexity and presented analysis of the motor program as an explanation of the No Return Point theory's result, may not be accepted (20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the No Return Point Hypothesis: The Effect of Audio and Visual Stimuli in the Fast Movements Inhibition

Kheyrandish¹,

Kakhki²,

Taheri³

2021

Ann Appl Sport Sci

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Background. The No Return Point hypothesis is one of the research areas that has been done in line with the motor program. In this hypothesis emphasized an inability to inhibition move after its start by the motor program. Several factors are affecting the mechanism of this inhibition. Objectives. In this study, we investigate the effects of audio and visual stimuli on blocking quick moves to test the No Return Point hypothesis. In the final part of the study, we explore the effects of the assignment based on tests conducted by Slater & Hammel, who first began to test this hypothesis. Methods. In this study, 40 male participants (age 23-29) were selected and organized in four different groups, i.e., digital-visual stimulus, an auditory stimulus, visual and auditory stimuli, and visual stimulus with an analog pattern that simulated the Slater and Hamel's experiment. Each of these groups practiced different stop-signal and did a retention test. We used RMSE for statistical analysis. Results. The results showed that the reaction speed of the audio group is considerably faster than other groups (sig = 0.00028, p < 0.05). It was also found that the motor program is active in a period before and after the target (stop) time, and it seems that this process is independent of the type of stimuli and assignment (p < 0.05). Besides, it was found that the reported time for Slater and Hamel test is 210 MS in this experiment. In other words, participants were not able to stop motion for the announced stop time for around 210 Ms.; however, it was not observed for all the groups. Conclusion. Based on the result, participants were significantly dependent on the assignment (p < 0.05). Moreover, this dependency can affect the result. It seems in that study time providing achieved relying on the types of tasks used, and the type of the variable used to measure the statistical have been impressive on the results. Thus, the results of the Slater and Hamel experiments should be analyzed with caution. It seems that the announced time in that research (Slater and Hemel) is based on the employed assignment type, and the variable type for statistical analysis was influencing the results. Thus, not only the motion stop time in response to the stop stimuli is different, but also these times are significantly dependent on the stimuli and test condition.

show abstract

Go-activation endures following the presentation of a stop-signal: evidence from startle

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement

The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement

Response inhibition in premotor cortex corresponds to a complex reshuffle of the mesoscopic information network

Analysis of the No Return Point Hypothesis: The Effect of Audio and Visual Stimuli in the Fast Movements Inhibition

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