Gnathostomulida from America

Riedl, Rupert

doi:10.1126/science.163.3866.445

Cited by 142 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Most Gnathostomulida have been extracted from sand by the method of 'deteriorat~ng climate', but numbers obtained were rather low and there are no data on absolute abundance (Riedl, 1969;Sterrer, 1971a). Typical biotopes are the deeper and mostly H$-rich sand layers with much detritus (Sterrer, 1971b); Riedl (1969) reported maximum density of the gnathostomulid population at the discontinuity layer between aerobic surface and anaerobic subsurface sediment. In the present paper I suggest a more specific place to look for Gnathostomulida, namely the vicinity of polychaete burrows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gnathostomulida Abundant Alongside Polychaete Burrows

Reise¹

1981

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Since their f~r s t description in 1956. Gnathostomulida have been regarded as one of the rarest taxa in marlne benthos. On tidal flats in the North S e a , however, they live alongside permanent polychaete burrows with up to 29 individuals and 5 species In 1 cm3 of sediment. Near burrows of Arenicola marina and Nereis rrirens, all species show a high degree of spatial overlap, indicating a narrow niche for the entire taxon. As a k e y factor to gnethostomul~d distribution the activity of sulfur bacteria is proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gnathostomulida Abundant Alongside Polychaete Burrows

Reise¹

1981

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Phylum Gnathostomulida (Ax, 1956) Riedl, 1969 Order Bursovaginoidea Sterrer, 1972 Suborder Conophoralia Sterrer, 1972 Family Austrognathiidae Sterrer, 1971 Genus Austrognathia Sterrer, 1965 Austrognathiidae with 2 rows of jaw teeth, the dorsal row consisting of 3 or more teeth. Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their size (they are among the smallest metazoans) and slow movement, they are among the most recently discovered phyla of animals (Riedl 1969), the first description dating back to 1956 (Ax 1956). Because the first species found possessed a stylet and showed similarities in general features as well a 4d-cleavage pattern (Riedl 1969) gnathostomulids have been tied to platyhelminths (Ax 1956;1960;. However, subsequently described species lacked a stylet and based on features revealed by electron microscopy some authors (Rieger & Mainitz 1977;Sterrer et al 1985;Ruppert 1991) suggested a position intermediate between "turbellarians" and gastrotrichs, implying that these groups are on a common line of evolution, with "turbellarians" being the most primitive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

Achatz

Sterrer

2015

Zootaxa

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We describe two new species, Austrognathia glandifera and Austrognatharia orientis using observations on squeezed, live specimens as well as histological sections and transmission electron microscopy. The protonephridia of Austrognatharia orientis are composed of a terminal cell, a canal cell, and a nephroporus cell. The monociliated terminal cell constitutes the so-called filtration area. The canal cell harbors the lacunar system and the protonephridial duct, which is surrounded by six filamentous rods, which originate external to and in between the microvilli of the terminal cell and stretch along the entire length of the canal cell. The female copulatory organs of the investigated species are very different. Austrognathia glandifera has a bursa and a vagina whereas A. orientis only has a weakly defined bursal tissue and no detectable vagina. The bursa is divided into an anterior and a posterior part; at the anterior end a special area is formed by interdigitations of the cells of the bursal wall. The male copulatory organs in the Conophoralia are uniform, composed of an anterior, glandular portion consisting of a proximal part with medium-grained and a distal part with coarse-grained appearance and a penis that is delineated by a basal lamina and has an ejaculatory duct as well as a gonopore. Parenchymal cells are present and serve to embed the bursa and the male copulatory organ dorsolaterally. Our data on the fine structure of various tissues indicate that the Conophoralia are the "less derived" sister taxon of the Scleroperalia.

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“…Similar in habitus to free-living Turbellaria, as they were first described (Ax,l956), they are now considered a phylum (Riedl, 1969;Sterrer, 1972) on the basis of their unique features, particularly a monociliary epidermis (each epidermal cell carries only a single cilium), and a bilaterally symmetric pharynx equipped with complex cuticular mouth parts. Found exclusively in shallow marine sand, Gnathostomulida are thought to graze on the bacterial and fungal microflora which coats sand grains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gnathostomulida from Twin Cays, Belize mangrove community

Sterrer¹

2004

Atoll Research Bulletin

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Gnathostomulida from America

Cited by 142 publications

References 7 publications

Gnathostomulida Abundant Alongside Polychaete Burrows

Gnathostomulida Abundant Alongside Polychaete Burrows

New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

Gnathostomulida from Twin Cays, Belize mangrove community

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