Glyptodonts of North America

Gillette, David D.; Ray, Clayton E.

doi:10.5479/si.00810266.40.1

Cited by 114 publications

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“…Los osteodermos de G. arizonae son característicamente grandes y gruesos en comparación con las restantes especies norteamericanas a excepción de Glyptotherium cylindricum (Brown, 1912); tienen una figura central plana y algunos muestran una suave concavidad; otras placas muestran una figura central con áreas similares a la de las figuras marginales o pétalos y otras muestran figuras centrales con superficies mucho mayores, lo que Gillette & Ray (1981) interpretan como dimorfismo sexual, siendo este último caso representativo de las hembras (CFM-3763, Fig. 2b).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Recientemente, Carlini et al (2008), describieron varios restos de Glyptotherium cf. cylindricum (Brown, 1912) sensu Gillette & Ray, 1981 para el Pleistoceno tardío de Venezuela.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…cylindricum parecen tener dimensiones similares e igual número de figuras marginales (variando de 8 a 10) que Glyptotherium arizonae, lo que hace muy difícil su diferenciación basado únicamente en los caracteres osteodermales. Sin embargo, los osteodermos de Glyptotherium arizonae que suelen presentar 10 figuras marginales, son notablemente grandes y particulares; con figuras centrales grandes y poco rugosas, sus figuras marginales relativamente pequeñas, angulares, algunas muy rectangulares con superficies bastante tersas y separadas por anchos canales radiales, como los ilustrados por Gillette & Ray (1981) en la figura 86a-c o el ejemplar CFM-1844, previamente descrito e ilustrado por Laurito et al, 2005; ello permite hacer una diferencia con un cierto grado de confiabilidad. otro elemento a tener en cuenta es el rango bioestratigráfico de las especies (Mead et al, 2007), Glyptotherium cylindricum está restringido al Pleistoceno tardío cuspidal (Rancholabreano) y Glyptotherium arizonae es un poco más antiguo Blancano tardío -Irvingtoniano temprano, por lo se debe tener en cuenta la edad del yacimiento fundamentada en la asociación con otros organismos fósiles.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Nuevos hallazgos de Mammalia, Xenarthra (Cingulata) y confirmación del registro de Pachyarmatherium leiseyi Downing-White, 1995 en la localidad de Buenos Aires de Palmares, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica

Valerio

Laurito

2010

Rev. Geol. Amér. Central

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Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Recientemente, Carlini et al (2008), describieron varios restos de Glyptotherium cf. cylindricum (Brown, 1912) sensu Gillette & Ray, 1981 para el Pleistoceno tardío de Venezuela.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Nuevos hallazgos de Mammalia, Xenarthra (Cingulata) y confirmación del registro de Pachyarmatherium leiseyi Downing-White, 1995 en la localidad de Buenos Aires de Palmares, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica

Valerio

Laurito

2010

Rev. Geol. Amér. Central

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“…Noteworthy, the first records of osteoderms (apart from those conforming the dorsal carapaces, cephalic shield and caudal armors; see Tauber and Di Ronco, 2000;Rinderknecht, 2002;Soibelzon et al, 2006), as well as those described here, are coincident to the arrival of the large predators from North America. Notably, these highly modified osteoderms have not been observed in North American glyptodonts (see Gillette and Ray, 1981). Gillette and Ray (1981) have reported for Glyptotherium texanum the finding of a specimen with evidences of having been attacked by a large-sized predator; in South America, Prevosti and Palmqvist (2001) have postulated that the canid Theriodictis platensis could have preyed upon some Pleistocene Glyptodontidae (e.g., Neosclerocalyptus).…”

Section: Paleoecological Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, these highly modified osteoderms have not been observed in North American glyptodonts (see Gillette and Ray, 1981). Gillette and Ray (1981) have reported for Glyptotherium texanum the finding of a specimen with evidences of having been attacked by a large-sized predator; in South America, Prevosti and Palmqvist (2001) have postulated that the canid Theriodictis platensis could have preyed upon some Pleistocene Glyptodontidae (e.g., Neosclerocalyptus). In this context, Soibelzon et al (2009b) suggested that the arrival in South American of large carnivores (e.g., Arctotherium angustidens, (Gervais and Ameghino) Ursidae and Smilodon populator, (Lund) Felidae) during Ensenadan, could have triggered some adaptative responses among native mammalian fauna, since large carnivores were absent of South America during most of the Cenozoic.…”

Section: Paleoecological Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accessory protection structures in Glyptodon Owen (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae)

Zurita

Soibelzon

et al. 2010

Annales de Paléontologie

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The Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) are one of the most common paleofaunistic elements in the South American megafauna. In this context, of the six genera most frequently recorded in the South American Pleistocene (Glyptodon, Neosclerocalyptus, Hoplophorus, Neuryurus, Panochthus and Doedicurus), at least four (Hoplophorus, Neuryurus, Panochthus and Doedicurus) present structures in their caudal armor that could have had defensive/offensive functions, in addition to a solid dorsal carapace and cephalic shield. In this article, we provide the first record and description of a series of highly modified osteoderms, located at the anterolateral region and over the cephalic notch of the dorsal carapace. These "spine"-like osteoderms were found in two of the largest Pleistocene glyptodonts: Glyptodon munizi (early-middle Pleistocene) and, G. reticulatus (late Pleistocene-early Holocene). We propose that they are structures for protection of the neck and abdomen, the most vulnerable body regions of these large armored animals, since they are not * Corresponding author. RésuméLes Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) sont l'un des éléments paléofaunistiques les plus communs de la mégafaune en Amérique du Sud. Dans ce contexte, des six genres le plus souvent enregistrés dans le Pléistocène (Glyptodon, Neosclerocalyptus, Hoplophorus, Neuryurus, Panochthus et Doedicurus), au moins quatre (Hoplophorus, Neuryurus, Panochthus et Doedicurus) présentent dans leur armure caudale des structures qui auraient pu avoir des fonctions défensives/offensives, en plus d'une carapace dorsale solide et un bouclier céphalique. Dans cet article, nous proposons le premier enregistrement et la description d'une série d'ostéodermes très modifiés, situés dans la région antérolatérale et au-dessus de l'encoche céphalique de la carapace dorsale. Ces structures se rencontrent chez deux espèces du genre Glyptodon, l'une des plus grandes formes de Glyptodontidae du Pléistocène, G. munizi (Pléistocène inférieur et moyen), et G. reticulatus (Pléis-tocène supérieur -Holocène inférieur). D'un point de vue morphologique, ces ostéodermes montrent une forme caractéristique en « épine ». Les ostéodermes décrits ici sont interprétés comme des structures de protection et de défense du cou et du ventre, régions les plus vulnérables de ces grands animaux à armure, car elles ne sont pas recouvertes par le bouclier céphalique, la carapace ou l'armure caudale. Enfin, il est intéressant de noter que ces types de structure ne sont pas enregistrés dans la paléofaune de Glyptodontidae qui vivaient avant le Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), un processus migratoire qui marque l'arrivée de certains des plus grands prédateurs (Carnivora), ayant jamais vécu en Amérique du Sud (par exemple Smilodon, Arctotherium).

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Xenarthra and Pholidota (Armadillos, Anteaters, Sloths and Pangolins)

Rose

Gaudin

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The mammalian order Xenarthra includes the armadillos, sloths and anteaters, and the extinct glyptodonts; the mammalian order Pholidota comprises the pangolins or scaly anteaters. Although they were once thought to be closely related, Xenarthra is now generally considered to represent one of the four primary divisions of placental mammals, with pangolins placed in a separate division. Xenarthrans are united by a suite of unusual anatomical features, primary among them the presence of extra joints in their backbones, whereas pangolin's most notable feature is their external covering of overlapping, horny scales. Both xenarthrans and pholidotans are typified by adaptations for digging and for feeding on ants and termites, though climbing forms are also common, and sloths and their relatives are herbivorous. Both orders are relatively small, with Xenarthra comprising 31 living species and Pholidota only 8, but Xenarthra also includes a very extensive extinct radiation of highly unusual mammals, including giant herbivorous sloths and the massively armoured, herbivorous glyptodonts. Xenarthrans are found in a variety of habitats throughout Central and South America, as well as southern North America, whereas pangolins are confined to the Old World tropics, from sub‐Saharan Africa to southeast Asia, mostly in forested habitats. Key Concepts: The order Xenarthra includes the living armadillos, sloths and anteaters, along with unusual extinct forms like ground sloths and glyptodonts; the order Pholidota is comprised of the living pangolins or scaly anteaters. Xenarthra and Pholidota were once considered close relatives, but are now thought to be only distantly related among placental mammals. Xenarthrans are united by their possession of a suite of unusual anatomical features, in particular extra joints found in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae; each subgroup has its own unique anatomical adaptations, for example, the complex bony carapace of the armadillos. Pholidotans are characterised by an external covering of overlapping, horny or keratinous epidermal scales. Both Xenarthra and Pholidota are small in terms of the living diversity of species, but Xenarthra is more diverse, with three very different subgroups. Xenarthrans and pholidotans are found in a variety of habitats throughout the New World and Old World tropics respectively, but both contain a significant number of threatened species, due largely to hunting pressure and habitat destruction. Most of the species in Xenarthra and Pholidota are characterised by adaptations for digging and for eating ants and termites, though both groups include climbing forms, and Xenarthra also includes a radiation of arboreal herbivores, the sloths. The modern xenarthran fauna is only an impoverished remnant of a once much more diverse radiation, one that included such extraordinary creatures as giant ground sloths, pampatheres (giant herbivorous armadillos) and glyptodonts (heavily armoured, herbivorous relatives of armadillos). Palaeanodonts are an extinct group of digging, ant‐eating or insect‐eating specialists that may be related to pangolins.

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Glyptodonts of North America

Cited by 114 publications

References 0 publications

Nuevos hallazgos de Mammalia, Xenarthra (Cingulata) y confirmación del registro de Pachyarmatherium leiseyi Downing-White, 1995 en la localidad de Buenos Aires de Palmares, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica

Nuevos hallazgos de Mammalia, Xenarthra (Cingulata) y confirmación del registro de Pachyarmatherium leiseyi Downing-White, 1995 en la localidad de Buenos Aires de Palmares, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica

Accessory protection structures in Glyptodon Owen (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae)

Xenarthra and Pholidota (Armadillos, Anteaters, Sloths and Pangolins)

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