Glyphosate-induced structural variations in Commelina erecta L. (Commelinaceae)

Morpho-Architectural Traits that Allow the Regeneration of Eustachys retusa (poaceae) in Systems with Intensive Glyphosate Application

“…Glyphosate is transported mainly by phloem and it works both on the application site and on target regions of photoassimilates (Shaner, 2009). The presence of leaves and inflorescences deformed following the glyphosate application has also been observed in other species (Panigo et al, 2012).…”

“…The plants treated with the higher dose developed a higher proportion of fourth-order branches than the others as a consequence of the severe injuries observed in shoots of lower orders. Therefore, the glyphosate doses applied were positively correlated with an increase in the complexity of the branching system as in others glyphosate tolerant species (Panigo et al, 2012;Dellaferrera et al, 2015).…”

“…However, the emergence of new shoots after application increased the degree of branching ( Figure 2C). This increase in branch order and number due to the development of axillary buds, originally inhibited in no-treated plants, has been reported in other perennial species that have survived the application of glyphosate (Panigo et al, 2012;Dellaferrera et al, 2015). Treated plants redirected resources to the production of new shoots, which allows them to recover photosynthetically active foliar mass loss.…”

“…By integrating quantitative and qualitative characters, it is possible to understand how a combination of traits determines competitive advantages and disadvantages of the species studied (Klimešová et al, 2008). A thorough knowledge of weed biology and behavior when exposed to herbicide application is essential to understand the reasons for its tolerance and to implement a program of sustainable management (Panigo et al, 2012). Our hypothesis is that E. retusa has morphological and architectural characteristics that play a fundamental role in the glyphosate tolerance.…”

“…The germination was performed on moistened filter paper at 25 o C. The seeds were superficially disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (Panigo et al, 2012). Between 10 and 20 days after planting, uniform seedlings were transplanted in 5 L plastic pots.…”