Glyphosate drift promotes changes in fitness and transgene gene flow in canola (Brassica napus) and hybrids

Londo, Jason P.; Bautista, Nonnatus S.; Sagers, Cynthia L.; Lee, E. Henry; Watrud, Lidia S.

doi:10.1093/aob/mcq190

Cited by 68 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These experiments demonstrated that the genetic modification per se does not enhance ecological fitness. Ecophysiological experiments on comparative fitness between the GM plant and its non-GM counterpart and modelling did not indicate that genes conferring herbicide tolerance significantly alter the competitive ability of GM plants (Fredshavn et al, 1995;Warwick et al, 1999Warwick et al, , 2009Norris and Sweet, 2002;Claessen et al, 2005a,b;Simard et al, 2005;Londo et al, 2010). Beckie et al (2004) showed that GMHT oilseed rape with single or multiple herbicide tolerance traits is not more persistent (weedier) than non-GMHT plants.…”

Section: Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2010‐87) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives) under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto

2013

EFS2

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This scientific opinion is a risk assessment for the placing on the market of the genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape (OSR) GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, OSR-GT73. OSR-GT73 contains a single insert consisting of the goxv247 and CP4 epsps expression cassettes. Both proteins confer tolerance against glyphosate-based-herbicides. Bioinformatic analyses of inserted DNA and flanking regions did not raise safety concerns. Levels of CP4 EPSPS and GOXv247 proteins in OSR-GT73 were analysed and the stability of the genetic modification was demonstrated. No biologically relevant differences were identified in the compositional/agronomic/phenotypic characteristics of OSR-GT73 compared with its conventional counterpart, except for the newly expressed proteins. No indication of potential concerns over the safety of the newly expressed CP4-EPSPS and GOXv247 proteins or the occurrence of unintended effects were identified in either OSR-GT73 pollen/pollen-containing dietary supplements or the adventitious presence of trace levels of seeds in human foods. An equivalent assessment with isolated seed protein could not be made because of the lack of availability of relevant consumption and safety data. There are no indications of increased establishment and spread of feral OSR-GT73 plants, or of hybridising wild relatives, unless exposed to glyphosate-based-herbicides. Potential interactions of feral plants with the biotic/abiotic environment do not raise concerns. Environmental risks of horizontal gene transfer into bacteria were not identified. The monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses. The environmental risk assessment of OSR-GT73 did not identify any safety concerns, in the context of its intended uses. While the Panel is not in a position to conclude on the safety of OSR pollen as such, it concludes that the genetic modification in OSR-GT73 does not constitute an additional health risk if OSR-GT73 pollen were to replace non-GM OSR pollen. Scientific opinion on herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 2 EFSA Journal 2013;11 (2) 4 from Monsanto, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA GMO Panel) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the safety of genetically modified (GM) herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 (Unique Identifier MON-ØØØ73-7) for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, GM oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives).In delivering its Scientific Opinion, the EFSA GMO Panel considered the application EFSA-GMO-NL-2010-87, additional information supplied by the applicant, scientific comments submitted by the Member States, and relevant scientific publications. Further information was taken into account from previous applicatio...

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Section: Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The progeny of hybrids of oilseed rape and wild relatives bearing the herbicide tolerance trait does not show any enhanced fitness, persistence or invasiveness, and behaves as their non-GM comparators, unless the herbicides for which tolerance has been obtained are applied (Londo et al, 2010;Watrud et al, 2011).…”

Section: Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2010‐87) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives) under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto

2013

EFS2

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“…Consequently, transportation and handling activities during import of GM OSR are considered the main cause of unintended occurrence and establishment of feral GM OSR in countries without GM OSR cultivation. In these countries, import restrictions have been put into place because introgression of herbicide resistant transgenes may cause problems with weed management and may negatively affect the integrity of genetic resources in wild relatives (Londo et al, 2010).…”

Section: Oilseed Rape As a Model System For Seed Spillage Along Transmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, because of herbicide resistance of GM oilseed rape, these feral plants establish preferentially in habitats where herbicides are applied or that are affected by spraying in adjacent areas. Due to herbicide application selection pressure supports survival of feral glyphosate resistant plants, and this may lead to an introduction of transgenes into related species (Londo et al, 2010) growing in habitats that have to be kept free of vegetation. Consequently, sprayed railway tracks pose an appropriate habitat for the establishment of herbicide resistant OSR as it was shown in Switzerland (Schoenenberger and D'Andrea, 2012).…”

Section: Perspectives On Safeguard Mitigation Of Seed Spillage On Lonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spillage of Viable Seeds of Oilseed Rape along Transportation Routes: Ecological Risk Assessment and Perspectives on Management Efforts

et al. 2017

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Seed spillage during handling and transportation promotes establishment and invasion of feral crops into adjacent semi-natural habitats. This is also the case for oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), where seed spillage may lead to establishment of herbicide resistant OSR populations in countries without cultivation of genetically modified OSR. Using data from Austria-where cultivation and import of genetically modified OSR are banned-as a prime example, we demonstrate that ports, oil mills, switchyards, and border railway stations to countries with different electric current systems-where trains have to stop-are the sites of primary concern with respect to seed spillage. Based on the results of the Austrian case study we discuss common measures to limit crop seed spillage which include intensified controls at border railway stations and the mode of seed packing during transportation. We further recommend sufficient cleaning both of goods wagons and of loading areas of trucks and ships as well as an appropriate weed management.Keywords: oilseed rape, transport, seed spillage, feral crop, invasion, mitigation measures, risk assessment, AustriaSeeds of arable crops are regularly spilled during transport and handling activities. These incidents cause intense management efforts and additional costs (Yoshimura et al., 2006). Moreover, the origin and establishment of feral populations along transportation routes contribute to the uncertainty concerning containment of genetically modified (GM) crops outside fields and could therefore interfere with a successful weed management. Here, we focus on oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), a frequently spilled crop (Von der Lippe and Kowarik, 2007) with GM lines already in use, to identify spillage hot-spots due to transportation and handling, allowing us to develop perspectives on common management approaches.Spillage of OSR seeds has intensively been studied worldwide (e.g., Schafer et al., 2011), which makes OSR a primary model system in this context. We chose Austria as study region because this small country is situated in the center of Europe rendering it a nodal point for traffic and international goods carriage.

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“…Experiments and models on fitness differences between the GM plant and its non-GM counterpart (category 2 above) are usually inferred from a composite measure of relative plant germination, emergence, growth, survivorship, biomass and fecundity (Fredshavn et al, 1995;Warwick et al, 1999Warwick et al, , 2004Warwick et al, , 2009Norris and Sweet, 2002; Claessen et al, 2005a,b;Simard et al, 2005;Londo et al, 2010). Beckie et al (2004) showed that GMHT oilseed rape with single or multiple HT traits is not more persistent (weedier) than non-GMHT plants.…”

Section: Impact -Would Ht Traits Alter Fitness Persistence and Invasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Devos

Hails

Messéan³

et al. 2011

Transgenic Res

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Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner.1 | P a g e KEYWORDSGenetically modified oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, seed spillage, ferality, persistence, invasiveness, coexistence, introgression 2 | P a g e ABSTRACTOne of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable.While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.3 | P a g e INTRODUCTIONThe global area cropped with genetically modified (GM) crops has consistently increased each year since they were first commercially cultivated in 1996 (1.7 million hectares), reaching 148 million hectares in 2010 (James, 2010). The advent of GM crops and their rapid expansion in terms of cropping area evoked intense debate about their safety (Hails, 2000; Devos et al., 2008b;Waltz, 2009; Gaskell et al., 2011). Concerns have been raised that the commercial release of GM crops could result in adverse environmental and economic effects.Environmental concerns include the potential for altered fitness of the crop ...

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Glyphosate drift promotes changes in fitness and transgene gene flow in canola (Brassica napus) and hybrids

Cited by 68 publications

References 42 publications

Spillage of Viable Seeds of Oilseed Rape along Transportation Routes: Ecological Risk Assessment and Perspectives on Management Efforts

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

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