Glyphosate concentration and phytotoxicity in Lactuca sativa Buttercrunch

Abstract

Agrochemicals, also known as agrotoxics or pesticides, have been widely used to control the proliferation of pests and weeds in agricultural crops to ensure high planting productivity. Among the most used pesticides in the world is the herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine), because it proves effective for controlling the annual and perennial growth of weeds in agriculture, forestry, urban areas, and domestic gardens. However, the spraying of this compound on a large scale has caused concern, since it accumulates in the topsoil and can generate negative environmental impacts and damage to human health, as it has toxic potential. Given the above, this study evaluated the phytotoxicity of agrochemical solutions glyphosate in different concentrations for the lettuce species Lactuca sativa Buttercrunch, considering number of germinated seeds, stem length, and root length as parameters of analysis. The concentrations of glyphosate tested were 0.001 mg. L-1; 0.1 mg. L-1; 0.5 mg. L-1; 1 mg. L-1 and 20 mg. L-1. The trial followed the procedures described by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. For the statistical analysis, were considered the number of germinated seeds of each treatment and the length of the roots and stem of each of the germinated seeds, which were inserted into equations for the definition of the percentage parameters of Germination Effect (%GE), Root Growth Inhibition (%RGI) and Germination Index (%GI). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test for statistically significant differences among the groups and compared by applying the Tukey Test at the level of 5% significance. The results revealed that there was 62.62% RGI and a GI of only 0.37% in treatment with glyphosate solution with concentration of 20 mg. L-1, indicating that high concentrations of the herbicide have toxic effects for the growth of lettuce species Lactuca sativa Buttercrunch. Only the concentration of 20 mg. L-1 obtained a significant difference in relation to the other concentrations evaluated, including the control treatment for the variable "root growth". Thus, for future work it is recommended that glyphosate solutions with concentrations between 1 and 20 mg. L-1 be evaluated and tested for phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.

Degradation of Dyes Catalyzed by Aminophenyl-Substituted Mn-Porphyrin Immobilized on Chloropropyl Silica Gel and Evaluation of Phytotoxicity

“…L. sativa seeds are successfully used to determine the phytotoxicity of varied pollutants that are released into the soil or bodies of water, such as industrial dyes, pesticides, and medicines . Among the advantages of this methodology are simplicity, repeatability, speed in obtaining results, and low cost, as it does not require sophisticated materials or equipment …”

“…As a model for phytotoxicity tests, the germination rate and root growth of seeds of the Lactuca sativa species were used ( Table 2 ) as proposed by Young et al (2012). 52 L. sativa seeds are successfully used to determine the phytotoxicity of varied pollutants that are released into the soil or bodies of water, such as industrial dyes, 53 pesticides, 54 and medicines. 55 Among the advantages of this methodology are simplicity, repeatability, speed in obtaining results, and low cost, as it does not require sophisticated materials or equipment.…”

“… 55 Among the advantages of this methodology are simplicity, repeatability, speed in obtaining results, and low cost, as it does not require sophisticated materials or equipment. 54 …”

“…55 Among the advantages of this methodology are simplicity, repeatability, speed in obtaining results, and low cost, as it does not require sophisticated materials or equipment. 54 For the negative control (Table 2), only the aqueous solution of MB at the concentration of 1 × 10 −3 mol L −1 was used, whereas for the positive control, only distilled water was used. Controls were also carried out with an aqueous solution of the oxidant (8 × 10 −3 mol L −1 ) and with MB + oxidant in the same ratio as the degradation reaction was carried out.…”