Glycosylated MoS₂ Sheets for Capturing and Deactivating E. coli Bacteria: Combined Effects of Multivalent Binding and Sheet Size

Abstract

human lifespan. Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, however, the misuse of antibiotics has now accelerated this process and presented it as a major threat to global heath, food security, and drinking water safety. [2] Hence, novel alternative antimicrobials are urgently needed to address this increasing concern.With the rapid development of nanotechnology, novel nanomaterials developed by researchers offer various anti-infective strategies to combat bacterial infections, such as targeted antibiotic therapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). [5,6] Especially, 2D materials, such as graphene, black phosphorus, MXenes, and transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are currently being explored extensively in biomedicine, since they have ultrathin structures, high specific surface areas, and unique physicochemical characteristics, which are suitable for fabricating multivalent interaction. [7] MoS 2 in particular shows high photothermal conversion efficiency, low toxicity, and excellent biodegradability. [8] These advantages make it superior to other 2D materials and endow it with great potential to be a photo thermal transduction agent in PTT. [7,[9][10][11] Previous studies have shown that the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, such as lateral dimension, morphology, surface charge, and functionalities, are crucial to their biological behaviors. [12][13][14] For example, Zhang et al. reported that larger and thicker black phosphorous has the higher cellular cytotoxicity, whereas smaller one only shows moderate toxicity. [15] Yang et al. and Chen et al. separately reported that the particulate size and surface chemistry of graphene oxide (GO) is critical to its biological behaviors, especially in vivo. [16,17] However, up to now, the published works on MoS 2 for antibacterial applications mainly pursue the enhanced microcidal activities of MoS 2 hybrid composites. [18][19][20][21] Few reports have investigated MoS 2 as a multivalent binding platform against bacteria, and the effects of MoS 2 's lateral size on antibacterial activities remain to be studied.Multivalent interactions on the cell surface are essential to cell signaling, recognition cascades, and viral and bacterial infection processes. [22,23] For example, E. coli bacteria have rodlike FimH, which can bind multivalently to mannosylated glycoproteins and facilitate the adhesion of E. coli to host cells. [24,25] Though multivalent inhibitors do not show strong bactericidal activity, large multivalent bacteria binders significantly Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) holds great promise for antibacterial applications owing to its strong photothermal performance and biocompatibility. Most of its antibacterial explorations have sought enhanced antibacterial potency through designing new hybrid inorganic materials, the relationship between its physiochemical properties and antibacterial activities has yet to be explored. This work is the first to investigate the combination effects of different sized and functionalized MoS 2 shee...

Photochemical Strategies toward Precision Targeting against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections

“…Furthermore, Xu et al functionalized the MoS 2 NSs with three different polysaccharides, including mannose, galactose, and glucose, to assess their capability to capture E. coli. 210 Because mannose can exclusively connect with the adhesion protein FimH located on the E. coli cell membrane, only mannosylated MoS 2 NSs could induce the agglutination of E. coli ORN 178. The mannosylated MoS 2 eliminated over 99.9% of ampicillin-resistant E. coli after NIR irradiation due to its powerful capture ability.…”

“…The mannosylated MoS 2 eliminated over 99.9% of ampicillin-resistant E. coli after NIR irradiation due to its powerful capture ability. 210 In another study, Shi et al encased the photothermal PDA core with a biphenyl mannoside shell to treat urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). 211 Numerous PDA-Man nanoparticles could bind to the surface of UPEC, forming an aggregated cluster of UPEC and PDA-Man as revealed by SEM (Figure 14F).…”

“…Because mannose can exclusively connect with the adhesion protein FimH located on the E. coli cell membrane, only mannosylated MoS 2 NSs could induce the agglutination of E. coli ORN 178. The mannosylated MoS 2 eliminated over 99.9% of ampicillin-resistant E. coli after NIR irradiation due to its powerful capture ability . In another study, Shi et al encased the photothermal PDA core with a biphenyl mannoside shell to treat urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) .…”