Glycoprotein 60 diversity in C. hominis and C. parvum causing human cryptosporidiosis in NSW, Australia

Waldron, Liette S.; Ferrari, Belinda C.; Power, Michelle

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2009.02.006

Cited by 69 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This subtype is the most common cause of sporadic cryptosporidiosis around the world, with 44.5% of total reported infections attributed to it (8). Subtype IbA10G2 was also previously identified as the most common cause of sporadic disease in Australia and was the cause of the 2009 New South Wales waterborne outbreak (9,14,22,23). The second most frequently detected Cryptosporidium subtype from humans was C. parvum IIaA18G3R1, which was identified in 15% of isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gp60 amplification. Cryptosporidium subtype family and subtype identification were determined using a previously described nested PCR targeting the gp60 gene (22). The primary and secondary reaction mixtures contained 4 mM MgCl 2 , 200 nM dNTPs, 200 nM each forward and reverse primer, and 1 U of Red Hot Taq polymerase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Australia, C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 is the dominant subtype infecting cattle. The identification of IIaA18G3R1 in humans was first reported in Australia, and it has now become the dominant C. parvum subtype causing Australian sporadic cryptosporidiosis (9,14,22). Cattle zoonotic sources have also been shown in Portugal, where C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 is the most common subtype in cattle and humans (1).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In 2003, the overall incidence of human cryptosporidiosis was 2.7/100,000 population, in 2006 it had risen to 10.5/100,000, and in 2009, the incidence further increased, to 19.8/100,000 (www.health.nsw.gov.au). Previous studies conducted on sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in New South Wales show that C. hominis and C. parvum contribute equally to disease, with C. hominis IbA10G2 and C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 identified as the most common subtypes (22). Here, we perform a longitudinal investigation into sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in New South Wales and examine transmission pathways and demographic groups most at risk of disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology, Spatiotemporal Analysis, and Ecology of Sporadic Human Cryptosporidiosis in Australia

Waldron

Dimeski

Beggs

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Parasites from the Cryptosporidium genus are the most common cause of waterborne disease around the world. Successful management and prevention of this emerging disease requires knowledge of the diversity of species causing human disease and their zoonotic sources. This study employed a spatiotemporal approach to investigate sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in New South Wales, Australia, between January 2008 and December 2010. Analysis of 261 human fecal samples showed that sporadic human cryptosporidiosis is caused by four species; C. hominis, C. parvum, C. andersoni, and C. fayeri. Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene identified 5 subtype families and 31 subtypes. Cryptosporidium hominis IbA10G2 and C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 were the most frequent causes of human cryptosporidiosis in New South Wales, with 59% and 16% of infections, respectively, attributed to them. The results showed that infections were most prevalent in 0-to 4-year-olds. No gender bias or regional segregation was observed between the distribution of C. hominis and C. parvum infections. To determine the role of cattle in sporadic human infections in New South Wales, 205 cattle fecal samples were analyzed. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified, C. hominis, C. parvum, C. bovis, and C. ryanae. C. parvum subtype IIaA18G3R1 was the most common cause of cryptosporidiosis in cattle, with 47% of infections attributed to it. C. hominis subtype IbA10G2 was also identified in cattle isolates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology, Spatiotemporal Analysis, and Ecology of Sporadic Human Cryptosporidiosis in Australia

Waldron

Dimeski

Beggs

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…A recent study by Pang et al (19) demonstrated that glycoprotein-and biotin-coated CPMs are superior to unmodified CPMs in predicting filtration removal of noninactivated C. parvum oocysts, showing the same log 10 reduction in concentration. These biomolecules have a surface charge similar to that of C. parvum with an isoelectric point pH of Ϸ2 (19), and glycoprotein is the major type of protein that C. parvum produces on its cell surface (22). However, only transport in alluvial sand medium was validated in their study, and it is unknown whether these modified CPMs are also useful in predicting C. parvum filtration in other aquifer media with different chemical properties.…”

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confidence: 92%

Biotin- and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres as Surrogates for Studying Filtration Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in a Granular Limestone Aquifer Medium

Stevenson

Blaschke

Toze

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Members of the genus Cryptosporidium are waterborne protozoa of great health concern. Many studies have attempted to find appropriate surrogates for assessing Cryptosporidium filtration removal in porous media. In this study, we evaluated the filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum in granular limestone medium by the use of biotin-and glycoprotein-coated carboxylated polystyrene microspheres (CPMs) as surrogates. Column experiments were carried out with core material taken from a managed aquifer recharge site in Adelaide, Australia. For the experiments with injection of a single type of particle, we observed the total removal of the oocysts and glycoprotein-coated CPMs, a 4.6-to 6.3-log 10 reduction of biotin-coated CPMs, and a 2.6-log 10 reduction of unmodified CPMs. When two different types of particles were simultaneously injected, glycoprotein-coated CPMs showed a 5.3-log 10 reduction, while the uncoated CPMs displayed a 3.7-log 10 reduction, probably due to particle-particle interactions. Our results confirm that glycoprotein-coated CPMs are the most accurate surrogates for C. parvum; biotin-coated CPMs are slightly more conservative, while unmodified CPMs are markedly overly conservative for predicting C. parvum removal in granular limestone medium. The total removal of C. parvum observed in our study suggests that granular limestone medium is very effective for the filtration removal of C. parvum and could potentially be used for the pretreatment of drinking water and aquifer storage recovery of recycled water. W aterborne cryptosporidiosis is mainly caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in humans (1). Cryptosporidium can be found in water contaminated with infected human or animal feces and has a low infectious dose, and ingestion of less than 10 oocysts can lead to infection (2). Cryptosporidium oocysts are sometimes detected in drinking water supplies (3) and in potable groundwater (4), causing disease outbreaks. For example, in the 1993 cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Milwaukee, WI, USA, about 400,000 people were infected and more than 100 people died after contamination of drinking water by C. parvum (5). More recently, a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Ö stersund, Sweden, which infected 27,000 people in 2010, was caused by C. hominis (6).C. parvum can survive in surface water and groundwater for a long period of time (7) and is resistant to chemical disinfection, like chlorination (8) and ozonation (9), due to its thick oocyst wall. UV irradiation with low-and medium-pressure lamps has been found to be effective at inactivating C. parvum (10). However, the efficacy of UV irradiation as well as that of chemical disinfection is hampered by turbidity in the water. Thus, filtration is often used as an essential primary step for drinking water treatment in the course of a multibarrier treatment system because it is effective and cost-efficient.Because it is extremely infectious and highly resistant to chlorination, testing for C. parvum is often used in risk analysis of drin...

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Cryptosporidium: Comparative Genomics and Pathogenesis

Kato¹,

Kissinger²

2012

Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes

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Glycoprotein 60 diversity in C. hominis and C. parvum causing human cryptosporidiosis in NSW, Australia

Cited by 69 publications

References 38 publications

Molecular Epidemiology, Spatiotemporal Analysis, and Ecology of Sporadic Human Cryptosporidiosis in Australia

Molecular Epidemiology, Spatiotemporal Analysis, and Ecology of Sporadic Human Cryptosporidiosis in Australia

Biotin- and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres as Surrogates for Studying Filtration Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in a Granular Limestone Aquifer Medium

Cryptosporidium: Comparative Genomics and Pathogenesis

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