Glycine Rich Segments Adopt Polyproline II Helices Which May Contribute to Biomolecular Condensate Formation

Abstract

Many intrinsically disordered proteins contain Gly-rich regions which are generally assumed to be disordered. Such regions often form biomolecular condensates which play essential roles in organizing cellular processes. However, the bases of their formation and stability are still not completely understood. Considering NMR studies of the Gly-rich H. harveyi "snow flea" antifreeze protein, we recently proposed that Gly-rich sequences, such as the third "RGG" region of Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) protein, may adopt polyproline II helices whose association might stabilize condensates. Here, this hypothesis is tested with a polypeptide corresponding to the third RGG region of FUS. NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that significant populations of polyproline II helix are present. These findings are corroborated in a model peptide Ac-RGGYGGRGGWGGRGGY-NH2, where a peak characteristic of polyproline II helix is observed using CD spectroscopy. Its intensity suggests a polyproline II population of 40%. This result is supported by data from FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. In the latter, NOE correlations are observed between the Tyr and Arg, and Arg and Trp side chain hydrogens, confirming that side chains spaced three residues apart are close in space. Taken together, the data are consistent with a polyproline II helix, which is bent to optimize interactions between guanidinium and aromatic moieties, in equilibrium with a statistical coil ensemble. In cells, the polyproline II population of these peptides could be augmented by binding profilin protein or SH3, WW or OCRE domains, association with RNA or assembly into polyproline II helical bundles. These results lend credence to the hypothesis that Gly-rich segments of disordered proteins may form polyproline II helices which help stabilize biomolecular condensates.

Do polyproline II helix associations modulate biomolecular condensates?

“…In addition to these interactions, there are cases of proline‐rich PPII helices interacting with folded domains to stabilize condensates [1], and even a case of a putative PPII helix formed by nonproline residues interacting with a folded domain to drive condensate formation has been reported [17]. Here, we will review the reported cases of PPII helices contributing to condensate formation and our recent proposal that PPII helices formed by glycine‐rich PPII helices may interact with each other or other partners to promote the formation of condensates [18,19].…”