Glycine buffered synthesis of layered iron(II)-iron(III) hydroxides (green rusts)

Yin, Weizhao; Huang, Li‐Zhi; Pedersen, Ejner; Frandsen, Cathrine; Hansen, Hans Christian Bruun

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.076

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…As might be expected, solid state reductions of oxidized green rusts can also be driven electrochemically, resulting again in a highly reduced but still morphologically recognizable double layer hydroxide ([Fe II 6 (OH) 10 ][CO 3 .2H 2 O]) ( Figure 2 ) [ 90 , 152 , 223 ]. Nevertheless, without the protection of organic intercalates, there is a tendency for the Fe 2+ to dissolve, thereby threatening the integrity of the mineral [ 110 , 112 , 222 , 223 ].…”

Section: Green Rust—the First Organizing Nanoengine Of Life?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?

Russell

2018

Life

126

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Korenaga and coworkers presented evidence to suggest that the Earth’s mantle was dry and water filled the ocean to twice its present volume 4.3 billion years ago. Carbon dioxide was constantly exhaled during the mafic to ultramafic volcanic activity associated with magmatic plumes that produced the thick, dense, and relatively stable oceanic crust. In that setting, two distinct and major types of sub-marine hydrothermal vents were active: ~400 °C acidic springs, whose effluents bore vast quantities of iron into the ocean, and ~120 °C, highly alkaline, and reduced vents exhaling from the cooler, serpentinizing crust some distance from the heads of the plumes. When encountering the alkaline effluents, the iron from the plume head vents precipitated out, forming mounds likely surrounded by voluminous exhalative deposits similar to the banded iron formations known from the Archean. These mounds and the surrounding sediments, comprised micro or nano-crysts of the variable valence FeII/FeIII oxyhydroxide known as green rust. The precipitation of green rust, along with subsidiary iron sulfides and minor concentrations of nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum in the environment at the alkaline springs, may have established both the key bio-syntonic disequilibria and the means to properly make use of them—the elements needed to effect the essential inanimate-to-animate transitions that launched life. Specifically, in the submarine alkaline vent model for the emergence of life, it is first suggested that the redox-flexible green rust micro- and nano-crysts spontaneously precipitated to form barriers to the complete mixing of carbonic ocean and alkaline hydrothermal fluids. These barriers created and maintained steep ionic disequilibria. Second, the hydrous interlayers of green rust acted as engines that were powered by those ionic disequilibria and drove essential endergonic reactions. There, aided by sulfides and trace elements acting as catalytic promoters and electron transfer agents, nitrate could be reduced to ammonia and carbon dioxide to formate, while methane may have been oxidized to methyl and formyl groups. Acetate and higher carboxylic acids could then have been produced from these C1 molecules and aminated to amino acids, and thence oligomerized to offer peptide nests to phosphate and iron sulfides, and secreted to form primitive amyloid-bounded structures, leading conceivably to protocells.

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Section: Green Rust—the First Organizing Nanoengine Of Life?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?

Russell

2018

Life

126

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“…GR is a mixed Fe(II)–Fe(III) hydroxide compound with layered double hydroxide structure [22]. GR can be described through the formula [Fe II (1- x ) Fe III x (OH) 2 ] x + [( x / n ) A n ( mx / n )H 2 O] x , where A represents anions such as chloride, carbonate [23] or sulfate [24,25]. In GR, positively charged brucite-like layers of edge-sharing octahedrally coordinated Fe(II) and Fe(III) hydroxide units are intercalated with anionic species and water molecules [21,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics and mechanism of selenate and selenite removal in solution by green rust-sulfate

et al. 2019

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This work investigated the removal of selenite and selenate from water by green rust (GR) sulfate. Selenite was immobilized by simple adsorption onto GR at pH 8, and by adsorption–reduction at pH 9. Selenate was immobilized by adsorption–reduction to selenite and zero valent selenium (Se 0 ) at both pH 8 and 9. In the process, GR oxidized to a mixture of goethite (FeOOH) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The kinetics of selenite and selenate sorption at the GR–water interface was described through a pseudo-second-order model. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data enabled to elucidate the concentration profiles of Se and Fe species in the solid phase and allowed to distinguish two removal mechanisms, namely adsorption and reduction. Selenite and selenate were reduced by GR through homogeneous solid-phase reaction upon adsorption and by heterogeneous reaction at the solid–liquid interface. The selenite reduced through heterogeneous reduction with GR was adsorbed onto GR but not reduced further. The redox reaction between GR and selenite/selenate was kinetically described through an irreversible second-order bimolecular reaction model based on XAFS concentration profiles. Although the redox reaction became faster at pH 9, simple adsorption was always the fastest removal mechanism.

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“…[88,180] Nevertheless, without the protection of organic intercalates there is a tendency for the Fe 2+ to dissolve, thereby threatening the integrity of the mineral. [20,125,182] Although these green rust-comprising barriers would have been leaky, individual crystallites would have frustrated immediate dissipation. [28] Green rusts comprising this barrier would be subject to large redox and pH gradients with ranges that had the potential commensurate with that required for the onset of metabolism.…”

Section: Green Rust -The First Organizing Nanoengine Of Life?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?  <strong> </strong>

Russell

2018

Preprint

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The most important problem of synthetic biology is…the reduction of carbonic acid. and Without the idea of spontaneous generation and a physical theory of life, the doctrine of evolution is a mutilated hypothesis without unity or cohesion.[1] Leduc, [1]Abstract: Korenaga and coworkers present evidence to suggest that 4.3 billion years ago the Earth's mantle was dry and water filled the ocean to twice its present volume.[2] CO2 was constantly exhaled during the mafic to ultramafic volcanic activity associated with magmatic plumes that produced the thick, dense and relatively stable oceanic crust. In that setting two distinct major types of sub-marine hydrothermal vents were active: ~400°C acidic springs whose effluents bore vast quantities of iron into the ocean, and ~120°C, highly alkaline and reduced vents exhaling from the cooler, serpentinizing crust at some distance from the heads of the plumes. When encountering the alkaline effluents, the iron from the plume head vents precipitated out forming mounds likely surrounded by voluminous exhalative deposits similar to the banded iron formations known from the Archean. These mounds and the surrounding sediments likely comprising nanocrysts of the variable valence FeII/FeIII oxyhydroxide, green rust. The precipitation of green rust, along with subsidiary iron sulfides and minor concentrations of Ni, Co and Mo in the environment at the alkaline springs may have established both the key bio-syntonic disequilibria, and the means to properly make use of them -those needed to drive the essential inanimate-to-animate transitions that launched life. In the submarine alkaline vent model for the emergence of life specifically it is first suggested that the redox-flexible green rust microcrysts spontaneously formed precipitated barriers to the complete mixing of carbonic ocean and alkaline hydrothermal fluids, barriers that created and maintained steep ionic disequilibria; and second, that the hydrous interlayers of green rust acted as 'engines' that were powered by those ionic disequilibria and drove essential endergonic reactions. There, aided by sulfides and trace elements acting as catalytic promoters and electron transfer agents, nitrate could be reduced to ammonia and carbon dioxide to formate, while methane may have been oxidized to methyl and formyl groups. Acetate and higher carboxylic acids could then have been produced from these C1 molecules and aminated to amino acids, and thence oligomerized to offer peptide nests to phosphate and iron sulfides and secreted to form primitive amyloid-bounded structures, leading conceivably to protocells.

show abstract

Glycine buffered synthesis of layered iron(II)-iron(III) hydroxides (green rusts)

Cited by 44 publications

References 52 publications

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?

Kinetics and mechanism of selenate and selenite removal in solution by green rust-sulfate

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?  <strong> </strong>

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Glycine buffered synthesis of layered iron(II)-iron(III) hydroxides (green rusts)

Cited by 44 publications

References 52 publications

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?

Kinetics and mechanism of selenate and selenite removal in solution by green rust-sulfate

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing &lsquo;Seed&rsquo; of All Life?&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong> </strong>

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Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life? <strong> </strong>