Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) - an energetic component of advanced solid rocket propellants - a review

Nazare, A. N.; Asthana, S. N.; Singh, Haridwar

doi:10.1080/07370659208018634

Cited by 71 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…It has been reported that GAP prepolymer decomposition exhibits second step weight loss. The first weight loss, corresponding to that of a peak temperature of 250-255 °C, is around 40%, corresponding to elimination of nitrogen, while the second stage weight loss corresponds to decomposition of the polymer backbone [7,9]. Isocyanate cured GAP samples follow a similar pattern.…”

Section: Thermal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Consequently, research was initiated on the synthesis of azido polymers with hydroxyl end groups, so that they could be used either in conjunction with hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) or alone [3][4][5][6]. Among the azido polymers known so far, hydroxyl terminated Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) is the most widely studied due to its high energy release, insensitiveness and thermal stability characteristics [1,2,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optimization of Curing Agents for Linear Difunctional Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP), with and without Isocyanate, for Binder Applications

Athar¹,

Soman²,

Agawane³

et al. 2018

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) is one of the most potential energetic binders for rocket propellants and gas generator compositions. In the present paper GAP of molecular weight (Mn) ~2000 was cured with a mixture of di-and tri-isocyanates without a cross linker. The curing profile and time of curing was recorded using a rheometer. The minimum curing time was observed for samples cured with Desmodour N-100 alone, whereas the maximum curing time was observed for samples cured with a mixture of Desmodour N-100 and Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) (1:1 w/w). It was observed that all of the samples cured well and were void or bubble free. The mechanical properties data showed that the tensile strength (TS) of GAP cured with Desmodour N-100 alone was 1.19 kgf/cm 2 , which is a minimum, while the maximum TS (3.66 kgf/cm 2 ) was achieved with a mixture of N-100 and 4,4'methylenebis(phenylisocynate) (MDI). The percent elongation for a sample cured with Desmodour N-100 was 160, and was reduced to 64.27 when a mixture of MDI and N-100 was used. In order to study the curing of GAP without an isocyanate, GAP diol was cured with hexanediol di-acrylate. GAP was also cured with an alkyne-based curing agent i.e. bis-propargyl succinate (BPS), which showed improved curing. Comparative thermal studies of GAP cured with isocyanate and acrylate was carried out. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA) curves for all of the cured samples were recorded in order to study and compare the thermal decomposition behaviour of the cured GAP. Isocyanate cured GAP exhibited a single stage decomposition, with larger heat output. Acrylate cured GAP exhibited a two stage decomposition. Finally, a mixture of IPDI and Desmodour N-100 was selected for curing of GAP. Accordingly, curing was carried out and was tested in a small ballistic evaluation motor (BEM) to observe the combustion behaviour and burn rate. From the pressure-time profile it was Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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Section: Thermal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Curing Agents for Linear Difunctional Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP), with and without Isocyanate, for Binder Applications

Athar¹,

Soman²,

Agawane³

et al. 2018

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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“…In the field of binders [26][27][28] a range of polymeric compounds that contain energetic functional groups, such as the azido group ( N 3 ), nitro group (C NO 2 ), nitrato group (O NO 2 ), nitramino group (N NO 2 ), or the less common geminal difluroamino group ( NF 2 ), are gaining prominence. Prominent among the energetic groups is the azido group, which contributes a heat release close to 355 kJ.…”

Section: Bindersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging trends in advanced high energy materials

Talawar

Sivabalan

Anniyappan

et al. 2007

Combust Explos Shock Waves

Self Cite

109

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Enhanced performance of propellants and explosives is the most sought-after attribute for ambitious research programs in the field of high energy materials. Convergence of defence and space sector priorities has always kept research and development efforts in the area of propellants to the forefront. With the diminishing boundaries between rocket and gun propellants, as well as explosives, the possibility of low-vulnerable munitions with high performance potentials and spin-off advantages of research on rocket propellants are also emerging on the forefront. At the same time, an increasing predominance of missiles in today's military warfare, as well as the space sector, has brought the issue of pollution by chlorine-containing combustion products of modern ammonium-perchlorate-based propellants into focus. A drastic transformation of high energy material technology is in offing. Research and development efforts made in this direction have brought an array of new materials into prominence. This paper reviews the recent work done in the frontier areas of advanced novel high energy materials. This paper covers the global scenario in the development of oxidizers, binders, plasticizers, high energy density materials, and insensitive high energy materials.Key words: high energy materials, ADN, CL-20, double-base propellants. GLOBAL SCENARIOThe unprecedented demand for long-range and high-payload-capability missiles during the later part of the 20th century catapulted developmental programs on composite (CP) and composite modified doublebase (CMDB) propellants to the premier position, relegating the classical double-base (DB) propellant systems to a secondary role. Both these systems offer a much superior specific impulse (250-260 sec) as compared with double-base propellants (220-230 sec). Composite propellants comprising ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer) and aluminum (metal fuel) dispersed in a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder have emerged as the major propellant systems for missiles and space vehicles all over the globe, while the CMDB propellant system finds application in tactical missiles. CMDB propellant consists of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and aluminum dispersed in a nitrocellulose (NC) and nitroglycerin (NG) double-base matrix as a binder. Composite propellants have advantages over CMDB propellants, particularly for the case-bonded applications, due to a superior strain (extension) capability of HTPB even at subzero temperatures as reflected by its glass-transition temperature of about −65 • C. These propellants are manufactured at SNPE (France) for missiles like PLUTON and HADES. The turnover of SNPE (France) has crossed the 350 million USD mark in the early 1990s as per the published reports in the International Defence Review. Thiokol (USA) and Royal Ordnance (UK) produce a wide range of composite propellants to meet the increasing demand of US and UK's defence and space programs [1][2][3][4][5].The last few decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in ramjet and scramjet technologies due...

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“…A lot of experimental work has been done separately on RDX [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and HMX [5,8,[21][22][23][24][25]. Generally, it has been found that nitramines have two major initial decomposition pathways: one producing HCN and NO/NO 2 , and the other leading to H 2 CO and N 2 O. RDX tends to favor mostly the former, whereas HMX is found to include both paths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/glycidyl azide polymer/butanetriol trinitrate propellant flame structure

Parr

Hanson‐Parr

2004

Combustion and Flame

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Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) - an energetic component of advanced solid rocket propellants - a review

Cited by 71 publications

References 3 publications

Optimization of Curing Agents for Linear Difunctional Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP), with and without Isocyanate, for Binder Applications

Optimization of Curing Agents for Linear Difunctional Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP), with and without Isocyanate, for Binder Applications

Emerging trends in advanced high energy materials

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/glycidyl azide polymer/butanetriol trinitrate propellant flame structure

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