Glycerol-based NaDES as green solvents for ultrasound-assisted extraction of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis—RSM optimization and ANN modelling

Abstract

Phycocyanin, a natural blue phycobiliprotein extracted from cyanobacteria, recently focused the interest of food industry as promising pigment and antioxidant. Eco-extraction of phycocyanin via ultrasound using five glycerol based NaDES was described here. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were adapted for the generation of predictive models to simulate and optimize phycocyanin extraction. Input parameters were extraction time (15-60 min), temperature (25-50°C), and water addition (20-60%). Two original glycerol based NaDES, (glycerol: glucose: betaine) (4:1:1) and (glycerol: glucose: proline) (4:1:1), displayed the highest phycocyanin recovery, combined with high free radical scavenging activity. Additionally, a stabilizing effect of NaDES on phycocyanin was highlighted after accelerated ageing. Optimized extraction protocol developed here allowed then the extraction, pre-formulation and stabilization of phycocyanin in one step, opening the way to a sustainable formulation of this bioactive pigment for food industry.

Alternative Solvents for the Biorefinery of Spirulina: Impact of Pretreatment on Free Fatty Acids with High Added Value

“…A sustainable solvent might be used as the widespread water [ 28 ]. Recently, polar NaDES were also highlighted as relevant solvents for PBP extraction from fresh Spirulina biomass [ 32 ]. NaDES, especially those based on glucose, acted as a stability enhancer beside their good extraction performances.…”

New Screening Protocol for Effective Green Solvents Selection of Benzamide, Salicylamide and Ethenzamide

“…In recent years there has been growing interest in exploring solubility and partitioning properties of various compounds. A special attention should be paid for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals in green solvents such as ionic liquids [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], bio-based solvents including natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] and some environmentally friendly synthetic organic solvents, such as ethanol or DMSO and their organic-organic and organic-aqueous mixtures [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The application of multicomponent solvents containing water are interesting because it is possible to replace the environmentally hazardous pure organic solvent with less harmful aqueous mixtures.…”

Monitoring the water content in NADES extracts from spirulina biomass by means of ATR-IR spectroscopy

“…Therefore, in the present study, a set of extractions was performed from spirulina biomass 24 using glucose glycerol (GG) NADES, a hydrophilic NADES commonly used with an initial water content of ∼20% w/w. 24,25…”

“…5,[20][21][22] NADESs have been studied as solvents for solid/liquid (S/L) extraction of polyphenols and avonoid compounds from plants, 3,5,23 or extraction of lipids and pigments from microalgae. 24,25 Moreover, the stabilizing ability of NADESs suggests them as perfect media for sustainable valorisation of vegetal biomasses. Hence, they are valuable environmental friendly alternatives in extraction a Université de Tours, Faculté de pharmacie, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, 31 Avenue Monge, Tours 37200, France.…”

“…Therefore, in the present study, a set of extractions was performed from spirulina biomass 24 using glucose glycerol (GG) NADES, a hydrophilic NADES commonly used with an initial water content of $20% w/w. 24,25 Based on the previous demonstrations of the potential of the technique, the aim of this work is to investigate the ability of ATR-IR to deliver accurate water quantication in a practical example of the NADES extraction process. First, KFT was applied to determine the water concentration in extracts to provide reference concentrations.…”