Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis

Bhupathiraju, Shilpa N; Tobias, Deirdre K; Malik, Vasanti; Pan, An; Hruby, Adela; Manson, JoAnn E.; Willett, Walter C.; Hu, Frank B.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.079533

Cited by 330 publications

(255 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Although the GI of French fries is usually lower than the one in cooked or baked variants, they still contribute to the glycaemic load, which has been associated with increased risk of T2D [56]. However, the relevance of simple GI classification is discussed controversially in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potatoes and risk of chronic disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

et al. 2018

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Purpose We aimed to synthesize the evidence on the relation between different types of potato consumption with risk of all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, type 2 diabetes (T2D), colorectal cancer (CRC), and hypertension. Methods Systematic searches until May 2018 were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Random effects meta-analyses comparing extreme categories, linear and non-linear dose-response analyses were conducted. Results Twenty-eight reports were identified. Only total potato consumption was available for some endpoints which showed no associations with all-cause mortality (RR: 0.88, 95% CI 0.69-1.12), CHD (RR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.09), stroke (RR: 0.98, 95% CI 0.93-1.03), and CRC (RR: 1.05, 95% CI 0.92-1.20) per one daily/serving (150 g/day) increase. Consumption of one daily serving of boiled/baked/mashed-potatoes was not associated with risk of hypertension (RR: 1.08, 95% CI 0.96-1.21), but slightly with the risk of T2D (RR: 1.09, 95% 1.01-1.18). Positive associations for the risk of T2D (RR: 1.66, 95% CI 1.43-1.94) and hypertension (RR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.15-1.63) were observed for each 150 g/day increase in Frenchfries consumption. The quality of evidence was rated mostly low (moderate quality of evidence for the risk-associations of French-fries). Conclusion Total potato consumption is not related to risk for many chronic diseases but could pose a small increase in risk for T2D if consumed boiled. A clear risk relation was found between French-fries consumption and risk of T2D and hypertension. For several outcomes, the impact of different preparation procedures could not be assessed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potatoes and risk of chronic disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

et al. 2018

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“…Foods with high GI and GL can cause marked fluctuations in blood glucose and insulin concentrations, stimulate lipogenesis, increase oxidative stress, and impair endothelial function (3,4). A high-GI and high-GL diet has been associated with several cardiometabolic diseases, notably type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (5)(6)(7)(8). However, epidemiologic evidence on the associations of dietary GI and GL with stroke has been less consistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and refined carbohydrates are associated with risk of stroke: a prospective cohort study in urban Chinese women

Zhang

Shu

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Epidemiologic evidence on dietary carbohydrates and stroke risk remains controversial. Very few prospective cohort studies have been conducted in Asian populations, who usually consume a high-carbohydrate diet and have a high burden of stroke. Objective: We examined dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and intakes of refined and total carbohydrates in relation to risks of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke and stroke mortality. Design: This study included 64,328 Chinese women, aged 40-70 y, with no history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or cancer. A validated, interviewer-administered food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess usual dietary intakes at baseline and during follow-up. Incident stroke cases and deaths were identified via follow-up interviews and death registries and were confirmed by review of medical records and death certificates. Results: During mean follow-ups of 10 y for stroke incidence and 12 y for stroke mortality, we ascertained 2991 stroke cases (2750 ischemic and 241 hemorrhagic) and 609 stroke deaths. After potential confounders were controlled for, we observed significant positive associations of dietary GI and GL with total stroke risk; multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for high compared with low levels (90th compared with 10th percentile) were 1.19 (1.04, 1.36) for GI and 1.27 (1.04, 1.54) for GL (both P-linearity , 0.05 and P-overall significance , 0.05). Similar linear associations were found for ischemic stroke, but the associations with hemorrhagic stroke appeared to be J-shaped. Similar trends of positive associations with stroke risks were suggested for refined carbohydrates but not for total carbohydrates. No significant associations were found for stroke mortality after multivariable adjustment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that high dietary GI and GL, primarily due to high intakes of refined grains, are associated with increased risks of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke in middle-aged and older urban Chinese women.Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1345-51.

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“…For example, recent work supports the Mediterranean diet, which is relatively rich in monounsaturated fats, as a means to help to prevent type 2 diabetes (15). Studies evaluating glycemic index to guide carbohydrate recommendations have been inconsistent (16,17); however, data suggest that consumption of a diet enriched in whole grains is helpful in preventing type 2 diabetes (18). Finally, increased consumption of nuts (19) and berries (20) in the context of a diet high in vegetables and whole fruits has been correlated with reduced diabetes risk.…”

Section: Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes

2015

Diabetes Care

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Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis

Abstract: The updated analyses from our 3 cohorts and meta-analyses provide further evidence that higher dietary GI and GL are associated with increased risk of T2D.

Cited by 330 publications

References 58 publications

Potatoes and risk of chronic disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

Potatoes and risk of chronic disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and refined carbohydrates are associated with risk of stroke: a prospective cohort study in urban Chinese women

4. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes

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