Glycated milk protein fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ameliorates the cognitive health of mice under mild-stress condition

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of glycated milk casein (Gc) fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 4B15 (FGc) on the intestinal microbiota and physiological and behavioral properties in mice under chronic stress. Mice were administered Gc or FGc for 10 weeks and then exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) for 7 weeks. FGc administration restored alterations of gut microbiota induced by UCMS. Moreover, FGc significantly reduced the stressinduced increase in serum corticosterone and decrease in serotonin levels. Anxiety-like behaviors induced by UCMS were also significantly decreased in the FGc group. UCMS-induced dysregulation of gene and protein expression related to neuroendocrine function, neuronal development, and inflammation, and gut-blood-brain barrier function was controlled by FGc pre-treatment. These results strongly suggest the protective effects of FGc targeting of intestinal microbiota for abnormal brain activity, which is consistent with the view that FGc plays an important role in regulating stress-related gut-brain axis disorders.

Studies and Application of Sialylated Milk Components on Regulating Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Health

“…A randomized, controlled trial carried by Li et al (163) showed that infants receiving formula supplementated with bovine MFGM and lactoferrin for 1 year accelerated the neurodevelopmental profile and improved language subcategories at day 545. Oh et al (164) studied the effects of glycated milk casein (Gc) fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 4B15 (FGc) on the intestinal microbiota and physiological and behavioral properties in mice under chronic stress, and their results strongly suggested the protective effects of FGc targeting of intestinal microbiota for abnormal brain activity, which is consistent with the view that FGc plays an important role in regulating stress-related gutbrain axis disorders. Milk OPN was also found to increase brain myelination and cognitive development in mice (165).…”

The Effects of Stress and Diet on the “Brain–Gut” and “Gut–Brain” Pathways in Animal Models of Stress and Depression

“…Most animal models of stress and depression also use male rodents, whilst female studies are sparser. This gender bias is usually employed to avoid potential effects of the oestrous cycle on parameters such as behaviour and molecular mechanisms, despite depression rates being higher in women [21]. Additionally, female studies often use stress models that were optimised in male rodents which may not effectively capture the female stress response.…”

“…Depressive patients are frequently reported to have comorbid inflammatory bowel diseases and stress and depression are known to be associated with low-grade colonic inflammation, possibly due to gut microbiota dysbiosis in association with disrupted intestinal barrier integrity [15,69]. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may lead to alterations in the levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling in the gut, inducing the intestinal inflammatory response [21]. Disrupted intestinal barrier integrity brought about by HPA axis dysfunction may also place the brain and gut at risk since immune signalling and the inflammatory response are also initiated both locally and systemically after the microbiota or lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) are exposed to intestinal epithelial cells and associated resident immune cells in the lamina propria, inducing TLR-signalling, which activates the NF-κB pathway, subsequently increasing the proinflammatory mediators, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, ultimately leading to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (Figure 5) [21,70].…”

Positive Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus EG004 on Cognitive Ability of Healthy Mice by Fecal Microbiome Analysis Using Full-Length 16S-23S rRNA Metagenome Sequencing

“…Similar to previous studies, we experimentally confirmed that L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus could enhance cognitive function. On the other hand, although it is indicated that the L. acidophilus strain has a neuroprotective effect against traumatic brain injury, there was no experimental research related to its cognitive ability ( 29 , 30 ). In our study, we identified that the L. acidophilus group presented the highest classical measured values as well as incidental measured values in novel object recognition tests and passive avoidance tasks.…”