Gluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized study

Elkan, Ann‐Charlotte; Sjöberg, Bertil; Kolsrud, Björn; Ringertz, Bo; Hafström, Ingiäld; Frostegård, Johan

doi:10.1186/ar2388

Cited by 103 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…After reviewing full text, 42 articles were excluded because they did not meet the study inclusion criteria (eg, studies without randomization, studies with nonrelated outcomes, articles from the same study, reviews, replies to comments). Ultimately, 11 studies were included in quantitative synthesis 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six studies were conducted in North America (all in the United States16, 17, 19, 24, 27, 28), 4 were conducted in Europe (2 in Finland18, 26 and 1 each in Sweden29 and the Czech Republic30), and 1 was conducted in Oceania (Australia25). The sample sizes ranged from 11 to 291, with a total of 832 participants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several participants in 3 studies used lipid‐lowering medication 19, 27, 30. Among these 11 studies, 7 included a vegan diet,16, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 29 2 included a lacto‐ovovegetarian diet,25, 28 and 2 included a lactovegetarian diet 24, 30. The average duration of intervention was 24 weeks (ranging from 3 weeks to 18 months).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Wang

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2015

JAHA

253

187

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BackgroundVegetarian diets exclude all animal flesh and are being widely adopted by an increasing number of people; however, effects on blood lipid concentrations remain unclear. This meta‐analysis aimed to quantitatively assess the overall effects of vegetarian diets on blood lipids.Methods and ResultsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library through March 2015. Studies were included if they described the effectiveness of vegetarian diets on blood lipids (total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride). Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated for net changes by using a random‐effects model. We performed subgroup and univariate meta‐regression analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity. Eleven trials were included in the meta‐analysis. Vegetarian diets significantly lowered blood concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the pooled estimated changes were −0.36 mmol/L (95% CI −0.55 to −0.17; P<0.001), −0.34 mmol/L (95% CI −0.57 to −0.11; P<0.001), −0.10 mmol/L (95% CI −0.14 to −0.06; P<0.001), and −0.30 mmol/L (95% CI −0.50 to −0.10; P=0.04), respectively. Vegetarian diets did not significantly affect blood triglyceride concentrations, with a pooled estimated mean difference of 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI −0.05 to 0.13; P=0.40).ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta‐analysis provides evidence that vegetarian diets effectively lower blood concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Such diets could be a useful nonpharmaceutical means of managing dyslipidemia, especially hypercholesterolemia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Wang

Zheng

Yang

et al. 2015

JAHA

253

187

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The theoretically appealing possibility that IgM antibodies may have anti-inflammatory effects has neither been satisfactorily proven nor disproved and needs further investigation. Preliminary data suggesting that dietary modification may reduce the levels of oxLDL and increase the levels of IgM PC antibodies [93] certainly increases the interest in determining whether high levels of IgM mLDL antibodies may have a beneficial effect on the evolution of atherosclerosis. Alternative interventions could involve controlled upregulation of T regulatory cells (Tregs), which has a strong theoretical appeal [94,95], and has been reported as an effective form of manipulation of transplant rejections responses [96], but is a rather distant target at this time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atherogenesis and the humoral immune response to modified lipoproteins

Virella¹,

Lopes‐Virella²

2008

Atherosclerosis

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Modified forms of LDL are immunogenic and activate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Both types of responses are pro-inflammatory and are probably primary players in the perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory reaction characteristic of atherosclerosis. The immunologic response to modified LDL can be directed to MHC-II-associated peptides in the case of T helper cells, and to a variety of epitopes -modified lysine groups, modified phospholipids, proteins that become associated with oxidized LDL (such as β2GP1) -in the case of B cell responses. T cell activation is likely to play a major role through cross-activation of macrophages. Humoral responses to modified LDL are pathogenic as a consequence of the formation of antigen-antibody complexes containing modified LDL and IgG antibodies. Those immune complexes induce cholesterol ester accumulation in macrophages and macrophage-like cells, and induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, oxygen active radicals, and matrix metalloproteinases from those cells. There is no conclusive evidence supporting a protective role for IgM antibodies in humans, possibly because autoantibodies to modified lipoproteins are predominantly of the IgG isotype.

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“…Also LDL extracted from atherosclerotic lesions is in part oxidatively modified, and second, immune-histochemical investigations show that atherosclerotic lesions react with antibodies generated against oLDL antibodies. Although either is possible, evidence favours the former as the mechanism by which circulating oLDL is generated [19][20][21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirming the Reference Range of the Oxidised LDL Assay for a Normal Population

Mortlock¹

2016

SJAMS

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Abstract:Reference ranges are the most common decision support tool used for interpretation of numerical pathology reports. As laboratory results may be interpreted by comparison with these ranges, the quality of the reference intervals can play as large a role in result interpretation as the quality of the result itself. One of the key inflammatory markers in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions is the level of circulating oxidised low density lipoprotein (oLDL) using a sandwich type EIA. Having a reference range that is correct for the target population is important. The manufacturer of the assay had calculated a reference range of 26-117 mU/L for the oLDL assay using only 148 'normal' patients, our data calculated the in-house reference range as 14.4 to 102.7 mU/L with a tolerance interval of 20.5 to 96.8 mU/L for 90% of the population. In this instance there was a slight difference between the manufacturer's range and the calculated inhouse range.

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Gluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized study

Abstract: Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on blood lipids oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and natural atheroprotective antibodies against phosphorylcholine (antiPCs).

Cited by 103 publications

References 58 publications

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Atherogenesis and the humoral immune response to modified lipoproteins

Confirming the Reference Range of the Oxidised LDL Assay for a Normal Population

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