Glutathione content and GSH s-transferase activity in midgut gland of Procambarus Clarkii. Sex differences, the effect of fasting, and their implications in cadmium toxicity

Antioxidant parameters, such as total glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glyoxalases, catalase, and some heavy metals such as, lead, cadmium and chromium were examined in hepatopancreas of both sexes of Procambarus clarkii collected seasonally from Lake Trasimeno, from winter 2000-2003 to autumn 2003. Heavy metals content in hepatopancreas in males and females of P. clarkii was low and did not vary through the sampling periods and between sexes. On the contrary, crayfish exhibited sex-dependent differences in levels of some enzyme activities and of total glutathione, and no apparent relationship was found between contaminant burdens and antioxidant indexes in hepatopancreas. Because measured metal concentrations were low, other factors, presumably, were involved in antioxidant variations in P. clarkii and these latter seemed to be affected more by biological and environmental factors, other than those related to pollutants body burdens.

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Glutathione and Antioxidant Enzymes in the Hepatopancreas of Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) of Lake Trasimeno (Italy)

Elia

Dörr

Mastrangelo

et al. 2006

“…Despite the importance of the freshwater crayfish industry worldwide, relatively little information is available on the presence of metals, particularly through dietary exposure on crayfish (ALMAR et al, 1987;ALLINSON et al, 2000;MANN et al, 2004;PENNUTO et al, 2005). Crayfish farmed in ponds, utilize aquatic plants as a food source and therefore represent a high trophic level and a link between the uptake of pollutants by aquatic plants and their eventual consumption by humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Heavy Metals in Farmed Cherax Destructor

Bruno

Volpe

Luise

et al. 2006

Crayfish utilize aquatic plants as a food source and may concentrate pollutants, such as heavy metals. Monitoring the possible heavy metal presence in crayfish edible tissues is therefore important since crayfish can be part of the human diet. In this study we have analysed specimens of Cherax destructor of two different sizes coming from a crayfish farm, with respect to heavy metal (lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, zinc) concentrations in the muscle, hepatopancreas and exoskeleton. Furthermore, the metal concentrations were determined in water, sediment and in plants.Our data show that the contents of lead, copper, cadmium, chromium and zinc, are higher in the tissues with respect to water, indicating in some cases their bioaccumulation in Cherax destructor. The content of lead and zinc in sediment and plants the animals feed on, was higher than in tissues and organs, suggesting that biomagnification does not occur for these heavy metals. Copper and chromium show biomagnification in all tissues, while cadmium only in the hepatopancreas. Key-words:Cherax destructor, heavy metals, bioaccumulation, biomagnification. DÉTERMINATION DE MÉTAUX LOURDS DANS L'ÉCREVISSE CHERAX DESTRUCTOR EN ÉLEVAGE RÉSUMÉLes écrevisses s'aliment de plantes aquatiques. En conséquence, ils peuvent accumuler des substances polluantes comme les métaux lourds. Analyser la présence éventuelle de métaux lourds dans la part comestible des écrevisses est donc important, car ils sont utilisés pour l'alimentation humaine. Dans ce travail nous avons évalué la présence de métaux lourds (plomb, cuivre, cadmium, chrome et zinc) dans le muscle, dans l'hépatopancréas et dans l'exosquelette de l'espèce d'élevage Cherax destructor. Les organismes étudiés ont été répartis en deux groupes sur la base de leur taille. De plus, nous avons évalué la présence de métaux lourds dans l'eau, dans le sédiment et dans la végétation aquatique. Nos données montrent que la concentration en plomb,

“…No GPX and GR activity was found in the hepatopancreas of A. pallipes italicus. This is in disagreement not only with freshwater fish, in which the liver is the main source of antioxidant enzymes, whose concentration increases following stressing events such as presence of pollutants in the water (AKSNES and NJAA, 1981;RADI et al, 1985;AHMAD et al, 2000), but also with studies carried out in the crayfish P. clarkii showing glutathione S-transferase activity fluctuation in the hepatopancreas (ALMAR et al, 1987;NIES et al, 1991) and in the crayfish P. clarkii and P. digueti in which GR activity was found in both the hepatopancreas and the hemolymph (PRIETO-SAGREDO et al, 2000). We do not have an explanation for this at present, and we cannot exclude that the enzymatic activity could have been lost during the sample preparation procedures (partial purification with ammonium sulfate).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Recently, GSH concentrations have been detected in Procambarus clarkii exposed to toxic stress and in P. clarkii and P. digueti after variations of photoperiod and lightirradiance (ALMAR et al, 1987;PRIETO-SAGREDO et al, 2000). There are not reports on the GR and GPX activity neither in crayfish nor in crustaceans exposed to environmental stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Evidence of an Oxidative Stress System in Freshwater Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes Italicus

Liberato

Cristo

Luise

et al. 2003

Oxidative damage reflects an imbalance between the production of oxidants and removal or scavenging of those oxidants. The antioxidants neutralize via enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms the toxic effects of the free radicals, acting at different levels both within the cell and in the extra cellular fluids. A study on the oxidative defenses under conditions of stress temperature was carried out in the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes italicus, an endangered species now distributed in scattered areas in Italy and a few Europeans countries. Glutatione peroxidase (GPX) and Glutatione reductase (GR) activity have been measured in the hemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle tissue by an enzymatic assay in male individuals exposed, for seven days, to three different temperature: 4 ˚C, 15 ˚C and 25 ˚C. Antioxidative enzyme activity was found in the hemolymph, but not in the hepatopancreas and in the muscle tissue. The enzyme activity varied in the hemolymph according to the temperature the animals were exposed to. As far as the GPX is concerned we found the activity only in the hemolymph of animals exposed to the temperature of 15 ˚C. On the contrary, GR activity was detected in the hemolymph at the three considered temperatures. Although the highest level of GR activity was found at 25 ˚C, followed by 4 ˚C and 15 ˚C, it was nonetheless very low and much lower than the level of GPX activity. Very little is known on oxidative stress in crustaceans and virtually nothing in the freshwater crayfish A. pallipes italicus. Our data, although preliminary, indicate that the antioxidant defenses provide a useful criterion for the thermal tolerance in studies on natural distribution and suitability of aquacultural environments. Key-words:Austropotamobius pallipes italicus; oxidative stress; glutatione peroxidase; glutatione reductase. LE STRESS D'OXYDATION DE L'ÉCREVISSE AUSTROPOTAMOBIUS PALLIPES ITALICUS RÉSUMÉLes lésions dues à l'oxydation reflètent un déséquilibre entre la production des oxydants et leur élimination. Les antioxydants neutralisent les effets toxiques des radicaux libres par réactions enzymatiques et non-enzymatiques, et agissent soit à un niveau cellulaire soit à un niveau extra-cellulaire. Une étude a été réalisée sur les défenses Nos données, bien qu'elles soient préliminaires, dénotent que les défenses contre l'oxydation fournissent un critère utile pour les études de la tolérance thermique associée à la distribution des espèces dans le milieu naturel et à l'importance des habitats aquatiques.