Glutamine Synthesis in the Developing Porcine Placenta1

Self, Jon Tate; Spencer, Thomas E.; Johnson, Greg A.; Hu, Jianbo; Bazer, Fuller W.

doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.025486

Cited by 82 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Concentrations of glutamine are highest among amino acids in fetal tissues and maternal placenta (Self et al, 2004), and there are increased concentrations of glutamine in allantoic fluid in the second third of gestation (Wu et al, 1996), which highlights the importance of glutamine during that stage of rapid placental and fetal growth.…”

Section: Glutaminementioning

confidence: 98%

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Yuan

Zhu

Shi

et al. 2015

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

Self Cite

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Accompanying the beneficial improvement in litter size from genetic selection for high-prolificacy sows, within-litter variation in birth weight has increased with detrimental effects on post-natal growth and survival due to an increase in the proportion of piglets with low birth-weight. Causes of within-litter variation in birth weight include breed characteristics that affect uterine space, ovulation rate, degree of maturation of oocytes, duration of time required for ovulation, interval between ovulation and fertilization, uterine capacity for implantation and placentation, size and efficiency of placental transport of nutrients, communication between conceptus/fetus and maternal systems, as well as nutritional status and environmental influences during gestation. Because these factors contribute to within-litter variation in birth weight, nutritional status of the sow to improve fetal-placental development must focus on the following three important stages in the reproductive cycle: pre-mating or weaning to estrus, early gestation and late gestation. The goal is to increase the homogeneity of development of oocytes and conceptuses, decrease variations in conceptus development during implantation and placentation, and improve birth weights of newborn piglets. Though some progress has been made in nutritional regulation of within-litter variation in the birth weight of piglets, additional studies, with a focus on and insights into molecular mechanisms of reproductive physiology from the aspects of maternal growth and offspring development, as well as their regulation by nutrients provided to the sow, are urgently needed.

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Section: Glutaminementioning

confidence: 98%

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Yuan

Zhu

Shi

et al. 2015

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

Self Cite

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“…Glutamine is an important amino acid for a variety of metabolic processes in the whole organism, participating in the synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotides that are necessary for cell proliferation and differentiation, and playing crucial roles in fetal and placental nutrition. Among all amino acids transferred from the mother and placenta to the fetus, the concentration of glutamine is the highest, suggesting an active synthesis and release into the fetal circulation by the placenta (Self et al, 2004).…”

Section: Sow Nutrition As An Opportunity To Improve Within-litter Unimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this process, glutamine is synthesized from glutamate by glutamine synthetase in the placenta (DeMarco et al, 1997). The placental supply of glutamate is derived from the branched-chain amino acid metabolism (Self et al, 2004) and from the fetal circulation (Battaglia, 2000).…”

Section: Sow Nutrition As An Opportunity To Improve Within-litter Unimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An increased placental glutamine synthesis and glutamine concentration in allantoic fluid in the second third of gestation in sows was observed in the study of Self et al (2004), which evaluated the glutamine synthesis in the developing porcine placenta. These findings suggest a higher provision of glutamine because of the most rapid placental and fetal growth in the second third of gestation.…”

Section: Sow Nutrition As An Opportunity To Improve Within-litter Unimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the remained glutamine, which is not metabolized to glutamate in the fetal liver and transported to the placenta, is taken up by the fetal carcass for growth (Figure 1; Neu, 2001). In addition, glutamine is a substrate for arginine fetal synthesis, having an important role in regulating the arginine levels in the fetus, because of insufficient uterine uptake of arginine, required to support the fetal growth during the last third of pregnancy (Wu et al, 1999;Self et al, 2004). Petters et al (1990), evaluating the effects of glutamine on the development of pig embryos, found a greater development of embryos in the presence of glutamine when compared with a control group (absence of glutamine).…”

Section: Sow Nutrition As An Opportunity To Improve Within-litter Unimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of sow nutrition during gestation on within-litter birth weight variation: a review

Campos

Silva²,

Donzele

et al. 2012

Animal

118

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The increasing demand for efficiency in pork production requires great specialization of all sectors involved in this activity. In this context, the development of strategies that could reduce undesirable traits related with negative effects on piglet survival and postnatal growth and development are essential for the pig industry. Currently, special attention is given to variation in birth weight, as some evidences suggest an increased within-litter birth weight variation in modern sows. This variation has been shown to be associated with preweaning mortality, variable weights at weaning and deteriorated growth performance, which results in economic losses and lower efficiency. Therefore, understanding the factors that can influence the events that occur during gestation and that have an impact on the fetal growth and development are important to achieve better efficiency and also to develop strategies that can be used to achieve increased within-litter uniformity of piglet birth weight. This study concludes that even at a given placental size, fetal growth may vary because of differences in placental vascularization and efficiency. Feeding extra feed or energy during late gestation only marginally improves birth weight, and positive effects are not consistent between different studies. The detrimental effects of protein restriction on fetal growth during early gestation may be due to altered placental and endometrial angiogenesis and growth, which leads to a reduction in placental-fetal blood flow, nutrient supply from mother to the fetuses and ultimately to fetal growth retardation. The number of studies that attempted to influence within-litter birth weight variation by means of sow nutrition during gestation is limited. Therefore, more research concerning sow nutrition during gestation associated with the provision of balanced diets to meet requirements of the sows and fetuses are still required. This knowledge may subsequently provide starting points for the design of nutritional strategies that can influence within-litter birth variation.

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CircRNA expression profile of bovine placentas in late gestation with aberrant SCNT fetus

Gao

Wang

et al. 2019

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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BackgroundsOne of the limitations of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) strategy to generate genetically modified offspring is the low birth rate. Placental dysfunction is one of the causes of abortion. Circular RNA (circRNA) is noncoding RNA which functions as microRNA (miRNA) sponges in biological processes.MethodsTwo aberrant pregnant placenta (aberrant group, AG) and three normal pregnant placenta (normal group, NG) during late gestation (180‐210 days) with bovine SCNT fetus were collected for high‐throughput sequencing and analyzed. The host genes of differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were predicted. And the microRNAs (miRNAs) which could interact with DE circRNAs were analyzed. Then, the expressional level of partial DE circRNAs and corresponding host genes was verified through qRT‐PCR. At last, the function of host genes was analyzed through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG).ResultsAltogether 123 differentially expressed circRNAs between two groups were identified, which were found related to 60 host genes and 32 miRNAs. The top 10 upregulated circRNAs were bta_circ_0012985, bta_circ_0013071, bta_circ_0013074, bta_circ_0016024, bta_circ_0013068, bta_circ_0008816, bta_circ_0012982, bta_circ_0013072, bta_circ_0019285, and bta_circ_0013067. The top 10 downregulated circRNAs were bta_circ_0024234, bta_circ_0017528, bta_circ_0008077, bta_circ_0003222, bta_circ_0007500, bta_circ_0020328, bta_circ_0011001, bta_circ_0016364, bta_circ_0008839, and bta_circ_0016049. The qRT‐PCR results showed consistent trend with sequencing analysis result, while host genes had no statistic difference. The GO and KEGG analyses of the host genes suggested that abnormal circRNA expression may play multiple roles in placental structure and dysfunction.ConclusionThe abnormal circRNA expression may be one of reasons of placental dysfunction, leads to abortion of bovine SCNT fetus.

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Glutamine Synthesis in the Developing Porcine Placenta1

Cited by 82 publications

References 29 publications

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Effects of sow nutrition during gestation on within-litter birth weight variation: a review

CircRNA expression profile of bovine placentas in late gestation with aberrant SCNT fetus

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