Glutamine: A Conditionally Essential Amino Acid with Multiple Biological Functions

Leguina-Ruzzi, Alberto; Cariqueo, Marcial

doi:10.5772/66488

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The TEER value was measured using a Millicell ERS-2 epithelial volt-ohmmeter (Millipore, USA) on days 1, 3, 7. The net value of each group was calculated by subtracting the background value, which was measured on the cell-free filter membrane, from the value of each group [ 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive glass promotes the barrier functional behaviors of keratinocytes and improves the Re-epithelialization in wound healing in diabetic rats

Tang

Xie

et al. 2021

Bioactive Materials

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Upon skin injury, re-epithelialization must be triggered promptly to restore the integrity and barrier function of the epidermis. However, this process is often delayed or interrupted in chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcers. Considering that BG particles can activate multiple genes in various cells, herein, we hypothesized that bioactive glass (BG) might be able to modulate the barrier functional behaviors of keratinocytes. By measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the paracellular tracer flux, we found the 58S-BG extracts substantially enhanced the barrier function of keratinocyte monolayers. The BG extracts might exert such effects by promoting the keratinocyte differentiation and the formation of tight junctions, as evidenced by the increased expression of critical differentiation markers (K10 and involucrin) and TJ protein claudin-1, as well as the altered subcellular location of four major TJ proteins (claudin-1, occludin, JAM-A, and ZO-1). Besides, the cell scratch assay showed that BG extracts induced the collective migration of keratinocytes, though they did not accelerate the migration rate compared to the control. The in vivo study using a diabetic rat wound model demonstrated that the BG extracts accelerated the process of re-epithelialization, stimulated keratinocyte differentiation, and promoted the formation of tight junctions in the newly regenerated epidermis. Our findings revealed the crucial effects of BGs on keratinocytes and highlighted its potential application for chronic wound healing by restoring the barrier function of the wounded skin effectively.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive glass promotes the barrier functional behaviors of keratinocytes and improves the Re-epithelialization in wound healing in diabetic rats

Tang

Xie

et al. 2021

Bioactive Materials

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“…Water Choline (Kendler, 2006) Volatile Organic Compounds (pesticides, herbicides, industrial chemicals) Halides (Iodine, chloride) Ubiquinone (Kendler, 2006) Protein Cysteine (Mishra et al, 2020) Fat Lipoic acid (Kendler, 2006) Carbohydrate Betaine (Kendler, 2006) Serine (Holeček, 2022) Glutamine (Leguina-Ruzzi and Cariqueo, 2017) Creatine (Ostojic and Forbes, 2022) Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine disrupting the TCA cycle and energy metabolism) (Schiller et al, 1977;Nurchi et al, 2020) • Illicit drug use that modifies molecular networks (Patkar et al, 2009) • Specialized diets that lead to deficits unique to the diet (e.g., ketogenic, vegan, vegetarian, intermittent fasting, caloric restriction, caloric excess; Calton, 2010;Thomas et al, 2016;Churuangsuk et al, 2019) • Genetic variants (SNPs) that modify specific nutrient requirements (e.g., MTHFR and B12/folate/riboflavin; FAD1 and EPA/DHA; PEMT and choline; HFE and iron; Mathias et al, 2014;Amenyah et al, 2020) Why deficits and excesses scale across molecular networks: Essential inputs and the participation number Essential inputs are frequently required in microgram or milligram amounts. Given these relatively small requirements, the impact of these inputs is often not given its due consideration.…”

Section: Characterizing Input Essentialitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing human performance in extreme environments through precision medicine: From spaceflight to high-performance operations on Earth

Schmidt,

Jones,

Mason

2023

Camb. prisms Precis. med.

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Humans operating in extreme environments often conduct their operations at the edges of the limits of human performance. Sometimes, they are required to push these limits to previously unattained levels. As a result, their margins for error in execution are much smaller than that found in the general public. These same small margins for error that impact execution may also impact risk, safety, health, and even survival. Thus, humans operating in extreme environments have a need for greater refinement in their preparation, training, fitness, and medical care. Precision medicine (PM) is uniquely suited to address the needs of those engaged in these extreme operations because of its depth of molecular analysis, derived precision countermeasures, and ability to match each individual (and his or her specific molecular phenotype) with any given operating context (environment). Herein, we present an overview of a systems approach to PM in extreme environments, which affords clinicians one method to contextualize the inputs, processes, and outputs that can form the basis of a formal practice. For the sake of brevity, this overview is focused on molecular dynamics, while providing only a brief introduction to the also important physiologic and behavioral phenotypes in PM. Moreover, rather than a full review, it highlights important concepts, while using only selected citations to illustrate those concepts. It further explores, by demonstration, the basic principles of using functionally characterized molecular networks to guide the practical application of PM in extreme environments. At its core, PM in extreme environments is about attention to incremental gains and losses in molecular network efficiency that can scale to produce notable changes in health and performance. The aim of this overview is to provide a conceptual overview of one approach to PM in extreme environments, coupled with a selected suite of practical considerations for molecular profiling and countermeasures.

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Comorbidity-associated glutamine deficiency is a predisposition to severe COVID-19

Matsuyama

Yoshinaga²,

Shibue

et al. 2021

Cell Death Differ

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations have greatly reduced COVID-19 cases, but we must continue to develop our understanding of the nature of the disease and its effects on human immunity. Previously, we suggested that a dysregulated STAT3 pathway following SARS-Co-2 infection ultimately leads to PAI-1 activation and cascades of pathologies. The major COVID-19-associated metabolic risks (old age, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity) share high PAI-1 levels and could predispose certain groups to severe COVID-19 complications. In this review article, we describe the common metabolic profile that is shared between all of these high-risk groups and COVID-19. This profile not only involves high levels of PAI-1 and STAT3 as previously described, but also includes low levels of glutamine and NAD + , coupled with overproduction of hyaluronan (HA). SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbates this metabolic imbalance and predisposes these patients to the severe pathophysiologies of COVID-19, including the involvement of NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) and HA overproduction in the lung. While hyperinflammation due to proinflammatory cytokine overproduction has been frequently documented, it is recently recognized that the immune response is markedly suppressed in some cases by the expansion and activity of MDSCs (myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and FoxP3 + Tregs (regulatory T cells). The metabolomics profiles of severe COVID-19 patients and patients with advanced cancer are similar, and in high-risk patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to aberrant STAT3 activation, which promotes a cancer-like metabolism. We propose that glutamine deficiency and overproduced HA is the central metabolic characteristic of COVID-19 and its high-risk groups. We suggest the usage of glutamine supplementation and the repurposing of cancer drugs to prevent the development of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

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Glutamine: A Conditionally Essential Amino Acid with Multiple Biological Functions

Cited by 4 publications

References 38 publications

Bioactive glass promotes the barrier functional behaviors of keratinocytes and improves the Re-epithelialization in wound healing in diabetic rats

Bioactive glass promotes the barrier functional behaviors of keratinocytes and improves the Re-epithelialization in wound healing in diabetic rats

Optimizing human performance in extreme environments through precision medicine: From spaceflight to high-performance operations on Earth

Comorbidity-associated glutamine deficiency is a predisposition to severe COVID-19

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