Glutamate-receptor genes in plants

Lam, Hon‐Ming; Chiu, Joanna C.; Hsieh, Ming‐Hsiun; Meisel, Lee A.; Oliveira, Igor C.; Shin, Michael J.; Coruzzi, Gloria M.

doi:10.1038/24066

Cited by 325 publications

(303 citation statements)

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“…The first report of plant GLR genes presented pharmacological evidence that GLR channels may play a role in light signal transduction during de-etiolation (Lam et al, 1998). A second study provided more evidence of a connection between GLR function and light-controlled hypocotyl growth (Brenner et al, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One surprise to emerge from the first comprehensive inventory of a plant genome (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000) was the identification of a family of 20 genes unequivocally homologous to mammalian ionotropic Glu receptors (Lam et al, 1998;Lacombe et al, 2001). Such receptors function as ligand-gated ion channels in the mechanism that transmits signals between cells in the central nervous system (Madden, 2002;Mayer, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These roles include regulation of hypocotyl elongation (Lam et al, 1998;Dubos et al, 2003), sensing of mineral nutrient status (Kim et al, 2001), regulating carbon/nitrogen balance (Kang and Turano, 2003), resisting aluminum toxicity (Sivaguru et al, 2003) and cold (Meyerhoff et al, 2005), root meristem function (Li et al, 2006;Walch-Liu et al, 2006), as well as jasmonate-mediated defense mechanisms (Kang et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Glutamate Receptor Subtypes Evidenced by Differences in Desensitization and Dependence on theGLR3.3andGLR3.4Genes

2007

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Ionotropic glutamate (Glu) receptors in the central nervous system of animals are tetrameric ion channels that conduct cations across neuronal membranes upon binding Glu or another agonist. Plants possess homologous molecules encoded by GLR genes. Previous studies of Arabidopsis thaliana root cells showed that the amino acids alanine (Ala), asparagine (Asn), cysteine (Cys), Glu, glycine (Gly), and serine trigger transient Ca2+ influx and membrane depolarization by a mechanism that depends on the GLR3.3 gene. This study of hypocotyl cells demonstrates that these six effective amino acids are not equivalent agonists. Instead, they grouped into hierarchical classes based on their ability to desensitize the response mechanism. Sequential treatment with two different amino acids separated by a washout phase demonstrated that Glu desensitized the depolarization mechanism to Gly, but Gly did not desensitize the mechanism to Glu. All 36 possible pairs of agonists were tested to characterize the desensitization hierarchy. The results could be explained by a model in which one class of channels contained a subunit that was activated and therefore desensitized only by Glu, while a second class could be activated and desensitized by Ala, Cys, Glu, or Gly. A third class could be activated and desensitized by any of the six effective amino acids. Analysis of knockout mutants indicated that GLR3.3 was a required component of all three classes of channels, while the related GLR3.4 molecule specifically affected only two of the classes. The resulting model is an important step toward understanding the biological roles of these enigmatic ion channels.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Glutamate Receptor Subtypes Evidenced by Differences in Desensitization and Dependence on theGLR3.3andGLR3.4Genes

2007

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“…At higher concentrations BMAA is inhibitory to root as well as to shoot growth [59]. These effects suggest that glutamate, and/or BMAA, could have a role in signal transduction in Arabidopsis [56,59]. Isolated Arabidopsis mutants resistant to the effects of BMAA might identify the endogenous components of a BMAAtargeted pathway in Arabidopsis [59].…”

Section: Molecular Studies In Cycadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycads: evolutionary innovations and the role of plant-derived neurotoxins

Brenner

Stevenson

Twigg

2003

Trends in Plant Science

152

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“…16 The predicted membrane topology and orientation of the protein as a tetramer, with the ATD and LBD exposed to the external side of the membrane, are considered to be conserved in plant GLRs. 17 Understanding the function of plant GLRs has previously been hampered by gene redundancy and toxicity although genetic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches suggested diverse physiological roles such as carbon/nitrogen balance regulation, 18,19 stomatal opening, 20 pollen tube growth, 21 plant-pathogen interaction, [22][23][24] responses to wound, 25,26 and lateral root formation. 12 Recently, 2 of the Arabidopsis GLRs, AtGLR3.4 and 1.4, were shown to function as amino acid gated channels when expressed in heterologous systems, 13,27 further confirming the functional commonality of plant and mammalian glutamate receptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%