Glucosyltransferase phase variation in <i>Streptococcus gordonii</i> modifies adhesion to saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite surfaces in a sucrose‐independent manner

Vickerman, M. Margaret; Clewell, Don B.; Jones, G. W.

doi:10.1111/j.1399-302x.1992.tb00521.x

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Thus, Vickerman and Jones (42), using rabbit polyclonal antibody, identified PGP-LTA in strain C5, which had been received as S. oralis but which had also been shown to resemble S. gordonii phenotypically (41). Our data confirm the identity of strain C5 as a S. gordonii strain and also confirm that this organism produces PGP-LTA (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Occurrence of Lipoteichoic Acid in Oral Streptococci

Hogg

Whiley²,

Soet³

1997

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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The heterogeneous bacterial group known as oral streptococci was screened for the presence of cellular polyglycerolphosphate-containing lipoteichoic acid. This compound was detected in phenol extracts of lyophilized cells by an immunoassay in which polyglycerolphosphate-specific monoclonal antibody was used. Polyglycerolphosphate-containing lipoteichoic acid occurred in all 86 strains of oral streptococci examined except the Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis strains. This confirms the findings of Rosan (B. The term lipoteichoic acid (LTA) has been used to describe a group of closely related macroamphiphiles which are synthesized and primarily located in the cytoplasmic membranes of various gram-positive bacteria (5, 48). Historically, LTA has been structurally characterized by an unbranched linear polymer of 1,3-linked glycerol phosphate residues covalently attached to a terminal hydrophobic region comprised of fatty acids. Variations may occur in the length of the polyglycerolphosphate (PGP) chain, which usually does not exceed 40 residues, in the presence of glycosyl substituents and D-alanine on C-2 of the glycerol moiety, and in the structure of the glycolipid anchor. Thus, it is now common to use the term LTAs to indicate this heterogeneity. For reviews see references 10 and 38.RosanRecently, Fischer (12) has redefined LTAs as macroamphiphiles that contain alditolphosphates as integral parts of the hydrophilic chain. This more liberal definition allows for the inclusion of compounds in which the repeating unit contains glycosyl residues. These polyglycosylalditolphosphate-containing LTAs are very much less common than the classic PGPcontaining LTAs (PGP-LTAs). The wider definition was thought to be necessary to distinguish LTAs from macroamphiphiles which do not contain phosphate residues as an integral part of the repeating structure of the polar moiety and which Fischer (12) refers to as lipoglycans.Not all gram-positive microorganisms synthesize a form of LTA in its broader sense, and current evidence suggests that the organisms in which it is not present instead elaborate a lipoglycan. This may imply that these two classes of compounds could have similar functions, although the nature of the functions is by no means clear. This division between LTA-and lipoglycan-producing microorganisms, as defined by Fischer (12), appears to follow the broad taxonomic line based on guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) contents of DNAs in that LTA synthesis seems to occur predominantly in members of the low-G + C-content Clostridium-Bacillus branch of the grampositive eubacteria rather than in members of the high-G+C-content actinomycete branch as defined by Fox et al. (15). However, to date, only a relatively few species belonging to a small number of bacterial genera have been examined. Both PGP-and non-PGP-LTA-synthesizing species are represented within the oral streptococci, and since Schleifer et al. ( 3 9 , Ruhland and Fiedler (34), and, more recently, Sutcliffe (37) have suggested that LTAs may have value as c...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Occurrence of Lipoteichoic Acid in Oral Streptococci

Hogg

Whiley²,

Soet³

1997

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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“…We thus supplemented the salivary flow media with 1% sucrose, known to be sufficient in promoting Gtf activity-mediated biofilm formation (24, 25), and tested its effect on 24-h static biofilm growth in 96 well plates. Indeed, the crystal violet biofilm assay showed a greater biofilm biomass in single (p=0.005) and dual (p=0.0002) species biofilms formed by wild type S. gordonii CH1 in the presence of sucrose, compared to glucose (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the presence of GtfG protein enhances binding of S. gordonii to saliva-coated surfaces even in the absence of sucrose (25), we hypothesized that in the presence of saliva this enzyme may mediate initial binding to a preformed C. albicans biofilm. Therefore, we tested the ability of strains CH1, AMS12 and AMS12/pAMS40 to adhere to a preformed early C. albicans biofilm (4h) in saliva-supplemented media.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus gordonii glucosyltransferase promotes biofilm interactions with Candida albicans

Ricker

Vickerman

Dongari-Bagtzoglou

2014

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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BackgroundCandida albicans co-aggregates with Streptococcus gordonii to form biofilms and their interactions in mucosal biofilms may lead to pathogenic synergy. Although the functions of glucosyltransferases (Gtf) of Mutans streptococci have been well characterized, the biological roles of these enzymes in commensal oral streptococci, such as S. gordonii, in oral biofilm communities are less clear.ObjectiveThe objective of this work was to explore the role of GtfG, the single Gtf enzyme of S. gordonii, in biofilm interactions with C. albicans.DesignBiofilms were grown under salivary flow in flow cells in vitro, or under static conditions in 96 well plates. A panel of isogenic S. gordonii CH1 gtfG mutants and complemented strains were co-inoculated with C. albicans strain SC5314 to form mixed biofilms. Biofilm accretion and binding interactions between the two organisms were tested. Biofilms were quantified using confocal microscopy or the crystal violet assay.ResultsThe presence of GtfG enhanced dual biofilm accretion, and sucrose supplementation further augmented dual biofilm formation, pointing to a role of newly synthesized glucans. GtfG also promoted binding to C. albicans preformed biofilms. Soluble α-1,6-glucans played a role in these interactions since: 1) a strain producing only soluble glucans (CH107) formed robust dual biofilms under conditions of salivary flow; and 2) the dual biofilm was susceptible to enzymatic breakdown by dextranase which specifically degrades soluble α-1,6-glucans.ConclusionOur work identified a novel molecular mechanism for C. albicans and S. gordonii biofilm interactions, mediated by GtfG. This protein promotes early biofilm binding of S. gordonii to C. albicans which leads to increased accretion of streptococcal cells in mixed biofilms. We also showed that soluble glucans, with α-1,6-linkages, promoted inter-generic adhesive interactions.

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“…However, the bacterial pellicle may not fonn spontaneously and salivary masking may not occur until sufficient time has elapsed. Studies have also reported phase variation in cells grown in vitro versus cells grown in vivo (34). Thus It is possible that the indigenous bacteria will display different surface properties than the Haemophilus spp.…”

Section: I'orph Vroiuonas Gingivalis Atcc 33277 Atcc 25260mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental plaque development on defined streptococcal surfaces

Skopek

Liljemark

Bloomquist

et al. 1993

Oral Microbiology and Immunology

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Coaggregations between bacterial species have been widely studied in vitro but not in the mouth. A new in vivo assay was used to measure the rate and composition of indigenous plaque formation onto bovine enamel chips covered with a continuous layer of bacteria. Chips were covered with Streptococcus oralis ATCC 10557, which coaggregated with many oral species, or Streptococcus gordonii S7, which did not coaggregate with these oral species, and placed in the mouth for 4 and 24 h. There were no differences in the number of most indigenous bacterial species isolated from the two streptococcal surfaces. However, the number of Actinomyces viscosus as a proportion of total Actinomyces spp. was significantly different on the two surfaces at 24 h. With the exception of Actinomyces naeslundii and A. viscosus removed from the S7 surface, all indigenous species increased significantly in number from 4 to 24 h, irrespective of the streptococcal surface. This study demonstrated that interbacterial coaggregation had only a limited effect on in vivo plaque development. Thus suggesting that environmental factors, growth or other adherence phenomena are dominant in in vivo plaque formation.

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Glucosyltransferase phase variation in Streptococcus gordonii modifies adhesion to saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite surfaces in a sucrose‐independent manner

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Occurrence of Lipoteichoic Acid in Oral Streptococci

Occurrence of Lipoteichoic Acid in Oral Streptococci

Streptococcus gordonii glucosyltransferase promotes biofilm interactions with Candida albicans

Dental plaque development on defined streptococcal surfaces

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