Glucose Transport across the Rat Blood—Brain Barrier during Anesthesia

Nemoto, Edwin M.; Stezoski, S. William; MacMurdo, Dale

doi:10.1097/00000542-197809000-00004

Cited by 36 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Several reports alluded to the possibility that halothane induced an increase in BBB permeability by increasing membrane fluidity and breaching the tight junction. 20‐21 However, no study has demonstrated the possibility of virus penetration to the brain due to inhalation anesthetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CNS Penetration by Noninvasive Viruses Following Inhalational Anesthetics

Ben‐Nathan

Kobiler

Rzotkiewicz

et al. 2000

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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A BSTRACT : The effects of inhalational anesthetics on brain penetration by the neurovirulent noninvasive West Nile virus (WN-25) were studied in mice. WN-25 injected intracerebrally causes encephalitis and kills adult mice, but when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) it is unable to invade the brain and kill. Under stress conditions, this strain causes encephalitis and death even after i.p. inoculation. In the study described in this paper, we used two inhalational anesthetics, a single short-term exposure to 2% halothane for 10 min in oxygen, or 70% nitrous oxide (N 2 O) for 30 min in air. Both inhalational anesthetics induced WN-25 encephalitis and death in 33% and 20% of the tested mice, respectively. Exposure of inoculated mice to halothane for prolonged periods or for repeated exposures (two or three times) markedly increased the mortality rate (up to 75%). Exposure to 30% CO 2 , a known modulator of blood-brain barrier (BBB) activity, was used as a positive control (80% mortality). No death was observed in the control non-exposed injected mice. Virus levels were found to be more than 10 7 plaque-forming units (PFU)/brain in all moribund mice. Additional parameter demonstrating the "stressor-like" nature of inhalation anesthetics was the induction of a significant decrease in weight of the lymphoid organs of inoculated mice. We suggest that inhalational anesthetics induces BBB breaching with subsequent entrance of the noninvasive WN-25 virus into the brain, causing encephalitis and death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CNS Penetration by Noninvasive Viruses Following Inhalational Anesthetics

Ben‐Nathan

Kobiler

Rzotkiewicz

et al. 2000

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…In order to interpret BUI data quantitatively under conditions of changing CBF, the relationship of extraction to flow must be known for the reference substance. Nemoto et al (1978) modified the BUI technique by correcting for changing extraction of water at different cerebral blood flows. One cannot, however, be certain of CBF in any individual animal unless it is measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For compounds normally present in blood at concentrations near their K, of transport, V,,, may still be calculated by extrapolating the J versus C regression line for diffusion to a concentration of zero (Nemoto et al, 1978).…”

Section: Q S ( T L M B (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Unidirectional Movement of Substances Across the Blood‐Brain Barrier: Theory, Method, and Application to Leucine

Sage

Uitert

Duffy

1981

Journal of Neurochemistry

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The uptake of compounds by the brain depends upon cerebral blood flow. To determine the normal blood flow-cerebral extraction relationship, a method for rapid, simultaneous measurement of cerebral blood flow and brain extraction was developed and applied to blood-brain leucine transfer. Awake rats were injected intravenously with a mixture of n-[(14)C]butanol and [(3)H]leucine. The quantities of indicators accumulated over the following 5-12 s in brain and in a sample of arterial blood withdrawn at a know rate were used to determine the flux of butanol and leucine into brain. Butanol extraction was assessed independently by measuring arterial and cerebral venous concentrations of the indicator after a bolus injection. Cerebral blood flow was equal to the ratio of butanol flux into brain to butanol extraction by brain; leucine extraction was then calculated as the ratio of leucine influx to cerebral blood flow. Leucine extraction by brain and cerebral blood flow were shown to be related exponentially. The maximum velocity of active leucine transport was virtually the same at flows of 150 and 400 ml/100 g/min. The present method is theoretically applicable to the measurement of the extraction of any compound from blood by brain. By measuring the normal blood flow-extraction relationship, one can differentiate changes in extraction secondary to altered flow from changes intrinsic to pathologic conditions with inconstant cerebral blood flow.

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“…Therefore, barbituric acids would be expected to cause brain interstitial glucose concentration to increase if transport remained constant. In addition, Nemoto et al (1978) reported an increase of T,,, for glucose transport which would lead to an even higher concentration of glucose in brain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Pentobarbital Anesthesia Reduces Blood–Brain Glucose Transfer in the Rat

Gjedde

Rasmussen

1980

Journal of Neurochemistry

120

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Pentobarbital anesthesia (40 mg kg-1) was accompanied by a 50% decrease of blood flow and a 40% decrease of unidirectional blood-brain glucose transfer in the parietal cortex of the rat brain. The correlation was explained by a decrease of the number of perfused capillaries. The maximal transport capacity, Tmax, decreased from 409 to 235 mumol 100 g-1 min-1 and the half-saturation constant, Km, from 8.8 to 4.9 mM. At 8.3-8.7 mM-glucose in arterial plasma, the transfer constant (clearance) for unidirectional blood-brain transfer decreased from 0.195 +/- 0.011 in awake rats to 0.132 +/- 0.005 ml g-1 min-1 in anesthetized rats. Half of the decrease was due to less complete diffusion-limitation of glucose uptake at the low plasma flow rate in brain, the other half to the decreased Tmax.

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Glucose Transport across the Rat Blood—Brain Barrier during Anesthesia

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

CNS Penetration by Noninvasive Viruses Following Inhalational Anesthetics

CNS Penetration by Noninvasive Viruses Following Inhalational Anesthetics

Simultaneous Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Unidirectional Movement of Substances Across the Blood‐Brain Barrier: Theory, Method, and Application to Leucine

Pentobarbital Anesthesia Reduces Blood–Brain Glucose Transfer in the Rat

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