Glucose tolerance and physical fitness: An epidemiologic study in an entire community

Montoye, Henry J.; Block, Walter D.; Keller, Jacob B.; Willis, Park W.

doi:10.1007/bf00421779

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Our conclusion that smokers are leaner than never-smokers is well-documented.' -1 Also in agreement with several investigators is our finding that the leanest smokers are generally those smoking [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] cig/day whole those smoking 2 30 cig/day are heavier.2' 5. 9, 1 Many of these studies show that greater differences in weight between smoking classes occur with advancing age," 3-9 a trend our data also supports.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Smoking and weight: the Minnesota Lipid Research Clinic.

Jacobs¹,

Gottenborg²

1981

Am J Public Health

129

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Abstract:The relationship between smoking and weight was examined in data of the Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) Prevalence Study in Richfield, Minnesota. Weight was analyzed according to smoking status, age, and sex, holding constant self-perceived physical activity relative to others of the same age and sex. Our findings confirm that weight differences between smokers of 15-29 cigarettes a day (cig/day) and those who never smoked are noticeable in 20-39 year olds and quite marked in the 40-59 year age group. ExThis paper was motivated by the observation in many studies that smokers weigh less than those who have never smoked. -11 These studies generally have been restricted in age range or sex and have not considered physical activity as a potential confounding factor.Studying a population-based sample of residents aged 20-59 in a Minneapolis suburb, we examined the relationship between smoking and weight, considering several possible confounding factors: age, sex, and customary physical activity as reported by the person relative to others his or her own age and sex. Dietary recalls were obtained in a subsample of these people.Those attempting smoking cessation are often hindered by potential weight gain. Smoking cessation counselors may be aided in their efforts by clarification of relationships between smoking and weight. Materials and MethodsThe observations were made as part of the Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) Prevalence Study in Richfield, Minnesota (see Figure 1). A simple random sample of 71 per cent of the blocks in four census tracts was taken. Some characteristics of these tracts are given in October 10, 1980. smokers are somewhat heavier than those who never smoked while, among smokers, a U-shaped curve exists with those smoking 15-29 cig/day being the lightest class. Height varied little between smoking classes. Daily caloric intake was estimated based on 24-hour dietary recalls and analyzed according to smoking status, sex, and age. The results showed that smokers of 15-29 cig/day generally are consuming at least as many or more calories as those who never smoked yet have lower weight. (Am J Public Health 1981; 71:391-3%.) cent of those enumerated. Information was also recorded at a home interview in adults in the final nine months of screening. A further sample of 21 per cent of all Visit 1 attendees (whether there was a home interview or not; response rate, 80 per cent of those invited) were seen a second time at Visit 2. About three-fifths of these were drawn randomly from Visit 1 participants, the remainder being selected for various lipid elevations. A 24-hour dietary recall was obtained in all Visit 2 attendees. Thorough probing and food models were used. Coding was done at the Nutrition Coding Center.'2 In total, 3,291 men and women, aged 20-59 years, were included in our study of smoking and weight after certain exclusions were made: race other than White; pregnancy at present or in past three months; those reporting use of medications for high blood pressure and/or high blood sugar and/ o...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Smoking and weight: the Minnesota Lipid Research Clinic.

Jacobs¹,

Gottenborg²

1981

Am J Public Health

129

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“…15,16 Support for these guidelines has been drawn primarily from the findings of epidemiological studies demonstrating the beneficial effects of accumulated, moderate intensity physical activity on chronic disease risk. 11,12,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] There are two important issues pertaining to these public health recommendations. First, it has been reported that most women are sedentary, with only a small percentage of women of various ethnic backgrounds participating in levels of physical activity recommended by the Surgeon General or engaged in vigorous physical activity.…”

Section: Introduction M Ain Tenan Ce Of a Ph Ysicall Y Active Lifestylementioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Women

Branch¹,

Pate²,

Bourque³

2000

Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine

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Among women, there is an increased prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and less participation in physical activity at levels recommended by the Surgeon General. As a result, women have been identified as a target group in public health initiatives to increase physical activity. The health-related benefits of habitual, moderate intensity physical activity are well documented in the epidemiological literature, but less is known about the effect of such physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness. Our hypothesis was that moderate and vigorous exercise training regimens of similar estimated energy expenditure would result in similar changes in cardiorespiratory fitness. Eighteen sedentary premenopausal women with the following baseline characteristics [x w 6 SE]: maximal oxygen consumption (V Ç O 2 max) 5 29.5 6 1.5ml ? kg 2 1 ? min 2 1 ; age 5 33 6 1 years; height 5 162.6 6 0.9 cm; mass 5 62.7 6 2.3 kg, were randomly assigned to either vigorous (HI, 80% V Ç O 2 max, n 5 10) or moderate intensity (MOD, 40% V Ç O 2 max, n 5 8) cycle ergometer training groups. Exercise training was conducted 3-4 (3.37 6 0.05) days/week for 12 weeks in a supervised and progressive manner, with estimated exercise energy expenditure equated across both training groups. V Ç O 2 max and time to exhaustion increased significantly in both groups (p , 0.05), with no difference between groups. Both groups had lower (p , 0.05) posttraining submaximal heart rates (HR), respiratory exchange ratios (RER), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during graded exercise testing, with no significant differences between the groups in posttraining values. Women participating in moderate intensity exercise training as recommended in basic public health guidelines demonstrate an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness similar to that elicited by vigorous training. 65

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“…1 Efforts to combat this disorder have included a number of nonpharmacological approaches such as alteration of dietary cholesterol and sodium, weight loss, and an exercise program. '~3 The belief that regular exercise can influence the development or progression of cardiovascular disease rests heavily on its ability to reduce such risk factors as body weight, 4 unfavorable lipoprotein profiles, 5 and blood pressure. 6 7 The latter effect, however, is not consistently observed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise training attenuates stress-induced hypertension in the rat.

Cox¹,

Hubbard²,

Lawler³

et al. 1985

Hypertension

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The ability of exercise training to block the generation of hypertension produced by chronic stress in the borderline hypertensive rat was tested. Twenty-three male borderline hypertensive rats, F1 offspring of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats, were divided into three groups. Two groups (8 rats per group) were subjected to 2 hours of daily, predictable, uncontrollable tail shock for 12 weeks. One of these groups was also given 2 hours of daily swim stress (exercise trained). A third group served as a maturation control and received neither intervention (n = 7). After 12 weeks of stress, direct recording of blood pressure verified the pattern observed with tail cuff: shock only group, 180/118 +/- 3/3 mm Hg; exercise-trained and shocked group, 166/108 +/- 4/2 mm Hg; and control group, 160/98 +/- 6/4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the shock only group were significantly higher than in both the other groups (p less than 0.05). The control group differed from the exercise-trained and shocked group only in diastolic BP (p less than 0.05). During a short-term stress session plasma norepinephrine levels in the exercise-trained and shocked group were significantly lower than those in the shock only group (555 +/- 56 vs 776 +/- 84 pg/ml; p less than 0.05). These results indicate that an alteration of autonomic function resulted from the exercise training, but its contribution to the resistance of the exercise-trained and shocked rats to stress-induced hypertension is unclear.

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Glucose tolerance and physical fitness: An epidemiologic study in an entire community

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Smoking and weight: the Minnesota Lipid Research Clinic.

Smoking and weight: the Minnesota Lipid Research Clinic.

Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Women

Exercise training attenuates stress-induced hypertension in the rat.

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